Academic Writing Essay Example for Free

Academic Writing EssayMy come to in International traffic and my decision to continue my upbringingal activity in this business line is the issuance of my profound interest in Asian studies. Majoring in History of India, during my final examination year I became especially interested in the sphere of International Relations and Foreign Policy of India, writing my thesis on Indian Foreign Policy during Nehrus Government and Indian-Chinese relations. Two trips to India 1997 and 1998 allowed me to become better acquainted with this country, refine my association of Hindi and collect unique data for my question. This unforgett fitted buzz off convinced me that I had made the remunerate choice of resume, leading me to break for a PhD tier so as to ext stopping point my interrogation in this field. I squander so far completed two years of the PhD program at St. Petersburg verbalize University. My dissertation aims at disclosing those problems which still hinder the pro cess of normalization surrounded by the two Asian countries, India and China, reflecting on how Indian scholars perceive these issues.See more sarcastic elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essayThus my research covers both Regional Studies and field of International Relations as a world(a) world formation where these two countries play an great role. My presentation of a paper on Indo-Chinese Relations in 1980s at the international conference East Asia St. Petersburg atomic number 63 inter-civilization contacts and perspectives on economic cooperation held in St. Petersburg a year ago gave me the hazard to meet numerous outstanding researchers, including my referee, Marcia Ristaino, who encouraged me to continue my studies focusing specifically on International Relations and Regional Studies.For that source I utilize and was accepted to the MA course in International Relations and European Studies at primeval European University in Budapest with a scholarship from Soros foundation. The courses I am taking here ordain bring home the bacon me with a sound gameground in theoretical issues in International Relations. The reason of why I am applying for another Masters Degree is that the CEU program, despite its theoretical strength, has very few courses presently related to my major interest, Regional Studies and conflict resolution and peacekeeping.For this reason I would like to deepen my practical downstairsstanding of International Relations and relate it to a more focused concentration on conflict analysis and resolution through the program of the Carleton University. I am aware of the high re endowation of your develophouse and the excellent Masters program that you offer at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. I see it leave behind certainly assistant me with my research and course objectives either through turn tail in diplomatic service or at an international organization where I will be able to apply my knowledge and skills obtained through studies at your University.Courses much(prenominal) as Conflict Analysis, International Mediation and Conflict Resolution and International Organizations in International Affairs will be very helpful for my analyzing of the problems in the South Asian subcontinent and beyond it and will allow me to deeper understand the reasons for numerous interstate and intrastate conflicts that persist in the region. Moreover these courses will be of particular relevance to my career inventions which are to breast employment with UN or a similar institution in the field of conflict resolution and peacekeeping.The possibility to combine theoretical studies with practical skills in conflict analysis and resolution at the Carleton University will enable me to become a good specialist who will be able to contribute to the common cause of peace in the world. I am eager to become a professed(prenominal) orientalist, as I mean this field of study will always be important in the changing world where Asian countries such as India and China play significant roles in the international arena. MA at the Carleton University would be a precious experience both in terms of my academic and professional career.I hope you will give me the fortune to realize my ambition. (A CEU Student reproduced here with kind permission) Sample 2 Having majored in literary studies (world literature) as an undergraduate, I would now like to concentrate on side and American literature. I am especially interested in nineteenth-century literature, womens literature, Anglo-Saxon poetry, and kinship grouplore and folk literature. My personal literary projects deal involved some combination of these subjects.For the oral section of my comprehensive exams, I specialized in nineteenth century novels by and about women. The relation ship between high and folk literature became the subject for my honors essay, which examined Toni Morrisons use of classical, biblical, Af rican, and Afro-American folk tradition in her novel. I plan to bleed further on this essay, treating Morrisons other novels and perhaps preparing a paper suitable for publication. In my studies toward a doctoral degree, I hope to examine more closely the relationship between high and folk literature.My junior year and private studies of Anglo-Saxon language and literature extradite caused me to consider the question of where the divisions between folklore, folk literature, and high literature lie. Should I attend your educate, I would like to resume my studies of Anglo-Saxon poetry, with special attention to its folk elements. Writing poetry overly figures prominently in my academic and professional polishs. I have just begun submitting to the smaller journals with some success and am gradually building a on the job(p) manuscript for a collection.The dominant theme of this collection relies on poems that draw from classical, biblical, and folk traditions, as swell as everyda y experience, in order to stay fresh the process of giving and taking life, whether literal or figurative. My poetry draws from and influences my academic studies. Much of what I hear and study finds a place in my imaginative work as subject. At the same time, I study the art of literature by taking part in the creative process, experimenting with the tools used by other authors in the ago. In terms of a career, I see myself commandment literature, writing criticism, and going into editing or publishing poetry.Doctoral studies would be valuable to me in several ways. First, your teaching assistantship program would provide me with the practical teaching experience I am eager to acquire. Further, earning a Ph. D. in English and American literature would advance my other two career goals by adding to my skills, both critical and creative, in operative with language. Ultimately, however, I see the Ph. D. as an end in itself, as well as a professional stepping-stone I enjoy study ing literature for its own sake and would like to continue my studies on the level demanded by the Ph.D. program. The pursual is a shortened sample SOP (with technical details removed. ) Expert comments at the end of the paragraphs point out important features. afterward one years work experience as a research technician at redacted, one of the USs leading research institutes, I pauperism to supply to academic study and under shorten graduate studies in Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics at the University of redacted. Stating what you are doing now and what you are applying for is a simple, straight off way of starting an SOP.After graduating with a first class degree from redacted, University of redacted, I felt I should gain some practical experience working in a research environment to gain first-hand knowledge of what the life of a research scientist entails. I have loved every minute of my work especially the opportunity to participate in cutting-edge projects and discuss ideas with senior biologists. I soon realized that, although I enjoy handling the complex equipment and impact the results, I am not going to be satisfied with carrying out routine procedures under the direction of others.I want to be part of the team up that directs the course of the project. My senior colleagues have encouraged my ambition and feel that I have the potential for graduate studies. Notice how the student tries to analyze the reasons for her choices. My love of biological science started in high school. We had a young and enthusiastic teacher, Mrs redacted, who took us on field trips and visits. She made sure we did as much practical work as was feasible, and demonstrated experiments that we hadnt the equipment or time to do ourselves. She also encouraged us to read.I remember the impact reading Maynard Smiths The Theory of Evolution had on me I wanted to be able to explain such important ideas as clearly as he did. Quite naturally my first thoughts about a future career tended towards teaching I wanted to be another Mrs redacted. It is good to explain how you became interested in your subject. However, dont go too far back Notice that a specific example helps create interest. At undergraduate level, my interests became more focused. Although physiology and ecology came easy to me, it was biochemistry and cell biology that really captured my interest.We were fortunate to have good laboratories and excellent professors. I found that cell biology was an interdisciplinary undertaking today you need a foundation in chemistry, physics and nevertheless IT to be at the forefront in this subject. This interdisciplinary aspect of the subject suits my abilities well. I have always performed well in all science subjects and find it challenging to apply the knowledge to practical problems. For this reason I chose to undertake a project in my final year on the behavior of protein molecules in high energy fields at redacted.The scientists at redacted we re impressed with my practical skills and were happy to give me a recommendation that led to my present job. Details of courses and projects help to show focus. (This student went on to describe another important college project. She also gave a full description of her current scientific work. ) Many people have claimed me why I did not proceed directly to graduate studies after graduating. The answer is that I wanted to make sure that I had chosen the right subject and the right place before embarking on a course of study that would involve many years of my life.The one-year gap has also accustomed me time to work with the local Natural History Society we take families on Sunday trips to the nearby National Park to help create ken about environmental issues. I have also been a member and organizer of the redacted Film Society we watch and discuss films from all over the world. I am looking forward to furthering my interest in film in the redacted Film club, at your university, a nd I also hope to use my passion for teaching in the redacted Social Outreach program.Explain the reasons for any unusual features of your career (taking a year out, poor performance, etc.). Include cordial and extracurricular activities to show balance in your life or because they are relevant to the course. In selecting the University of redacted I have been influenced by the way your research program addresses biological questions at the levels of molecule, gene and cell. I am particularly looking forward to such courses as Developmental Biology and Bioinformatics. I am also excited to interact with Professors redacted and redacted whose work is juxtaposed to what I want to practise for the original research component of the MS degree.I have been corresponding with redacted, a current student, from whom I have wise to(p) about the collaborative environment at redacted where I will interact with talented students, teachers and industry professionals. I believe that I will be a ble to contribute to and learn from the academically challenging environment at the University of redacted. Statement of Purpose(SOP) Name ***** Major Master of Science in computing machine Science(MS in reckoner Science) Time and tide wait for no man, this we all know. Having done an inspiring four-year course in Computer Science Engineering.I would like to put to use this knowledge to do my PhD in Computer Science. This would give me the leading edge in engineering and the practical low-down and the information I require. For the past few decades man is advancing in to the unknown realms of science and technology. This advancement is to make life easy and to increase human comfort at position and at work and I would like to be an integral part of such betterment. For this, research would be of prime importance with hands on experience in real time Applications accompanied by in-depth knowledge of the subject.Technology,today,means power in the widest sense of tem and merely the power of mind. And it is this power potential that has given it the side it now enjoys. Right from my childhood I had a safe inclination to be a Compute Science Engineer. My interest in the subject has liberal with each passing year and it has reached where even PhD will not quench my thirst for knowledge. I have come to terms with the fact that there is an howling(a) proportion of subject to be assimilated. I want to take up a research oriented course for my career.A natural aptitude for mathematics, a sense of logic, analytical ability, capacity for diligent work and high academic credentials secured me a place in Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women. The four years curriculum exposed me to the entire gamut of ready reckoner courses thus laying a strong foundation for both my Hardware and Software fundamentals. My main areas of interest were Computer artistic production and Multimedia. I enjoyed the course in Networks and Operating Systems. My interest in Graphics an d Database led me to prepare eye-catching illustrations to explain the electronic models.I have actual many Software programs in C, Unix , Java. My final year project was Enterprise Resources Planning Procurement Process System, under CMC Limited, A TATA Enterprise. The project was completed in a period of 3 months using Java, J2EE as front End and Oracle as the back End. The field of activity of technology is what interests me the most. I want to acquire the learning that will enable me to contribute to the development pf a new software administration, which can improve efficiency and accuracy of work in alter sphere. Digital Processing is already transforming the world of Communications.My ambition is to work at the forefront of the technology with the ability to find innovative solutions to the changing needs. You might ask as to why a degree from United States of America only. Since 1994 data processors have been out performing automobiles in terms of units sold annually i n the U. S. A. in all in all estimators contributed nearly 10% of United States of America GDP. The United Sates of America is way ahead of any other nation in computer technology, manufacture and sales and would thus provide me the best infrastructure and know-how currently available.Besides, it is a country where Science and Technology is a way to achieve social progress and where improving human lifes very important. All these factors coupled together make the United States of America an ideal place to pursue my further studies. The distinguished faculty and excellent facilities at your university make its graduation program ideally suited to my professional goals. Your University provides me a dynamic atmosphere, which will sour me to be a thinker and a learner. The flexibility of the curriculum will give me the broad-based education I need to widen the scope of my knowledge and skills.The motley of the students body will open my mind to new influences, new ideas and new way s of doing things. The world is literally becoming a global village where opportunities for work are transcending physical space. With the Cyberspace connections, Indian knowledge workers are increasingly contributing to the global work force. The international education will give me the training and the caliber to meet the global clients. I look forward to creation an active contributing member of the student community at your University. Continuous progress is the refer to life.And for progress, knowledge and proper guidance are essentials. I am sure, the quality knowledge and impeccable guidance will model me to be in the learning mode all my life opening the way for constant growth as a person and a professional STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Respected Graduate Admission Committee My name is **** . I pursued my undergraduate studies in Computer Science and Engineering at MVSR Engineering College, Osmania University, India. I am planning to pursue my higher education and I really hope t o get enrolled into the Masters program, for the term starting take shape 08, at University of North Carolina at Charlotte.In the following paragraphs I have summarized my educational background, motivation for graduate study and my areas of interest. Starting off with my academics, I completed my schooling in ****, Warangal, India. My school helped me develop better in the field of science, right from the initial stages, with contrasting techno fests, science expos and I have secured 74% marks in 10Th standard though I secured 86% in mathematics. Then I said to myself that I am a far better performing student than these marks suggest.Hence to prove my capability to myself I worked hard with sincerity and devotion and obtained valuable marks of 83% in my Board of Intermediate at Sri Chaitanya Junior College, Hyderabad, India. At very young age as a student in high school, computer for me was only a means of entrainment as I found it exciting to play games and generating confused mathematical series and patterns thorough BASIC programming. I was puzzle to know that games are nothing but programs. Curious to know how to program I developed a serious interest in Computers.This keen interest in mathematics along with a strong liking for computers, and particularly programming, prompted me to choose engineering with Computer Science as my major. This decision gave me ample opportunity to consolidate my creative energies and harness my technical aptitude. Early in my undergraduate study I was introduced to basic programming languages of C, C++ and Java. I understood the key features of each language and realized that one was an improvement of the other. Java being the most powerful and robust language of all fascinated me the most.My first computer science project was Core Banking, which performs the operations of creating an account, assigning an account number and handling transactions involving deposits and withdrawals. This program was initially compose in C++ following the concepts of object-oriented programming. Later I modified the same program with some improvements like adding a GUI interface using Java. During the second year of my undergraduate studies, I had an opportunity to visit an IT company of my fathers friend. It was here that I actually saw hundreds of computers connected to each other and performing several antithetic operations.I had many questions on my mind How are computers connected and if connected, how can they be managed? Curious to know the answers and following the advice of my uncle, I read some books on Windows Networking. I was fascinated by the concepts of Domain, Active Directory, Group Policy and DNS. In the third year of my engineering studies, I was introduced to the subject of Computer Networks. Already having a sound knowledge in practical computer networking, I was at ease with this subject. During this course, I learnt the software side of networking i. e.how to actually implement and develop different servers.The sessions in the labs were devoted in developing programs like implementation of connection-oriented and connectionless Echo Servers, concurrent multithreaded File Transfer Server and Chat Server. Currently in my quartern year, area of Distributed Systems and especially Peer-to-Peer Systems are of great interest to me. I undertook a project in Galaxie Software Solutions as an intern to design and develop a E-Care system, is an Help Desk System which can overcome some of the disadvantages of the existing software.My work in Galaxie Software Solutions gave me solid practical knowledge of many technologies and concepts such as Java, Oracle, XML, Object-Oriented Design and Programming.. I have also presented a paper entitled Cryptography at Parikaran 2K7 a National level technical fest. My predominant research interests have evolved into three categories that I believe are interconnected. The three areas of interest are Computer networks, Distributed systems and In formation Security. I would be very eager to work in any of these areas or interrelated areas like Networking or Distributed Systems along with Information Security.I worked as a teaching assistant for juniors in C, C++ and Oracle programming. The teaching experience has helped me to communicate articulately and interact effectively with diversity of peers. During the last two years, besides the college academics I spent most of my time attending a number of extra-curricular workshops, seminars and conferences in different fields of computer science. I look forward to a career in research where I cannot only use my academic background to achieve my research goals but also make original contributions to my field of interest.I believe that graduate studies would provide me with the opportunities to attend advanced courses and would be the stepping-stone to my career in research. University of North Carolina at Charlotte suits my research interests because of its advanced academic curr iculum and world-class research groups. I believe that it is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining experience and exposure to a diverse student body and faculty. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of culture, education and research environment, required for an overall personality development, as offered by your institution.Summarizing all written above, I believe that my serious intention for study, my projects, my certifications and strong academic background in various areas of Computer Science will be beneficial for my graduate studies and research. Attending your prestigious institution would give me an opportunity to receive high-level education under the guidance of prominent professors and excellent teachers. I would regard my access to University of North Carolina at Charlotte not only as a great honor but also as a great responsibility and challenge to prove myself. Thank you for your time and consideration. High R egards, denote.While reasoning my intentions to pursue MS in Computer Science at Oklahoma State University I would like to throw some rest on my career till now, I always fancied myself with Computers right from my childhood and thought of becoming a Software Engineer got implanted in my mind at an early age. A career in Engineering seemed the most challenging and logical extension of my abilities. I was given training in the basics of the operation and the applications of the computers during my school days. From that day onwards until the 10th standard I was constantly being taught different concepts of computer in different levels.The various concepts that I am thorough with, in school, are Word, QBasic and C Fundamentals. Science has been my favorable subject right from my school days and has always been one among the toppers of my class. I have even represented my school in many competitions. I have been the member of the quiz team of our school that has won many competitions . After my higher secondary I was determined to secure for myself a position in the Information Technology field, which deals with the areas of Computers, Communications and Networks.To accomplish this I had to qualify in the EAMCET Entrance Exam for Andhra Pradesh, India. I secured a good rank in the examination and secured a seat in Computer Science Engineering in V. R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Affiliated to Nagarjuna University. At VRSEC I had the good fortune of having a well-compiled syllabus, which placed equal emphasis on theoretical fundamentals as well as practical applications. Subjects such as Computer organization, Digital Logic Design, Microprocessor Applications laid a solid foundation in the theoretical aspects of the subjects.Practical application aspects were introduced to me through subjects such as Object Oriented Programming concepts, Data Structures, Relational Database Management Systems, Internet technologies. The areas, which are of special interest to me centered on Computer communications, Software Engineering, E-Commerce applications. I am interested in learning more about encryption and artificial intelligence. My interest in Networks began when I read about the various application fields it could be used, in the Information Technology magazine.I am a regular reader of magazines such as IEEE-spectrum, potentials, chip, computer networks, and computer today, which enabled me to be in touch with the latest developments in information technology. At VRSEC I had the opportunity to interact with some of the best professors in our region. I had the opportunity to do alive project in BPL Mobile Ltd. Coimbattore and project title is Mobile High Usage Roaming Alert and the project is being implemented by the company people right now and the project is done in VB and Oracle.The next step in my career towards achieving my career goal is to pursue my Masters Program in Computer Science. I have done considerable research in this area to p ursue my Higher education in a reputed University and with a good course curriculum. I found about the education in USA and its recognition. I have therefore applied to the OSU in USA. Also with some advice from my college senior who are in various colleges in USA I have opted for this College. The course MS in Computer Science. The course has been designed to give me insight into the world of academic and industrial computing research.By focusing on several currently active areas it affords me the opportunity to gain an in-depth understanding of the topics of the course and in doing so, to develop the skills necessary to carry out innovative work with in the discipline of computing. I strongly believe that a software engineer should be instinctive, innovative, quick to adapt and adopt new technologies, which is only possible with solid foundation and profundity in his subjects. This entails and insightful and thorough understanding of the intricacies of the subject.Thats the reason why I am inclined towards MS in Computer Science. I am sure that with my interaction with the faculty and peers at your college will provide an ambience conducive for my transition from an undergraduate to a graduate. It is my strong belief that graduation from this institution will take me close to achieving my ultimate goal of becoming an efficient software engineer. While my sights are firmly set on graduation, it is my strong desire to pursue research program following my graduation. Computing Science plays an ever-increasing role in todays society.Technological innovation has been one of the driving forces behind Indias fast growth. It is therefore essential that every opportunity be afforded to talented Indian graduates to extend their education and skills in order to play an active role in managing the opportunities presented in the future. India is fast gaining a reputation for its computer industry and at the moment it is regarded as the centre for Software and as a resu lt many of the top notch Multinational Corporations are establishing their contact centers in India.As a result an International Degree is focused to meet employmentopportunities with in the computing industry in India. Possible career opportunities for me in India include research and development roles in the development of new technologies such as software engineering, technical applications developers and consultants, network managers and other leading roles in computing industry. A fascination for Science Technology and keen interest in the ever-growing world of technology motivated me to take up engineering. I choose to major in Electrical Electronic Engineering with an intense urge to delve into the challenging field.During my under graduation program I learned the various fundamentals of Electrical Electronics Engineering which together with practical course work reinforce interest. Right from my school, I had a penchant towards Mathematics, Science and research in general. This basic interest led me to take up Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as my major subjects in high school. As a part of my Physics project, I had constructed logic gates and simple latches using basic circuit elements. I was so stupid(p) by the Power of Electrical Electronics.This interest made me to take Electrical Electronic Engineering. I would like to present my past performance as my credentials for my success in my future endeavors. My innate strength has been my quantitative and analytical abilities which instilled me a special interest for mathematical and physics. I had opted the same in my 10+2 with good marks. I was placed in the top 15% of one lakh who took engineering entrance examination. This performance helped me in getting admission into Sri Saradhi Institute of Engineering, Nuzvid, India.During the course of my undergraduate study I was exposed to various courses with applications like Electromagnetic field, Control systems, Power electronic, Electrical measur ements, Linear Integrated Circuits, Electronics, round and digital circuits, Computer methods in power system control, Digital Signal Processing, Power systems(1to 3), Electro mechanics(1 to 3) Micro processors Micro Controllers, High voltage engineering, Modeling of power system components, Utilization of electrical energy enhanced my subject.I secured good results in my engineering. I was well versed in programming languages like C, C++ Java. During my final year I decided to do project in Machine cutting using micro controller. From my kinder garden my medium of instruction is English. I had written GRE and got 1060 score, which adds to my English language proficiency. Excellence in any sphere of life can be achieved trough determination, hard work, preference and dedication. Yet lack of in depth knowledge of the subject leaves the conceptual skills incomplete.It in this concept that I would like to pursue a course that control system in your view university. I am very much i nterested to do MS Computer Science in your esteemed college. I realize the need for me to study at the center stage of activity in these fields at your college in USA. My earnest desire to continue my future studies at your graduate school stems from that it is one of the top colleges in Ireland having fine record of academic excellence and is backed up by expert faculty and research facilities.The other reason why I want to study at your esteemed college is that it provides the kind of expose needed to go my thinking and indo any insular prejudices that might be still prevalent in me. Your college is a confluence of people from every nationality, religion and race. Overall development of the personality can be done and it helps me to broaden my concept from the narrower confines of nationalism to internationalism. I am clear as to my carrier aspiration. Educational I believe is a life long process. I there fore wish to pursue a doctoral degree after my MS and therefore combine re search and teaching as carrier.I am fully aware that yours curriculum requires that I summon all my resources and I aver that I have the necessary commitment, intelligence and stamina to look forward to do it all. I am convinced that my study at your department would be meaningful and rewarding experience. I look forward to have a long and profitable association with your esteemed college. I especially thank you for giving me the opportunity given me to express about myself. Name ******** Program Sought MASTERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Semester Sought Fall 2012.STATEMENT OF PURPOSE There is a very famous adage, If you think education is expensive, and then try ignorance. I could not agree more. I believe research is necessary to acquire data and formulate theories, but it is just as important to know how to apply those theories and use that data in the real world. To be competent and competitive I will require a sees degree. A masters degree will give me the up-to-date tools a nd knowledge that is the need of the hour. It is after a good deal of self-evaluation that I have decided to pursue graduate studies.

Year of Impossible Goodbyes by Sook Nyul Choi Book Review Essay Example for Free

Year of Impossible Goodbyes by Sook Nyul Choi Book Review EssaySook Nyul Choi has written a heart-breaking reserve about love, persistent, loss, and the agonized life of a little girl, named Sookan, and her family. She has titled it Year of Impossible Goodbyes. The story has a lot of sacrifices and decisions that were onerous to make, like this one, Please, I beg of you, lets not waste time talking about my Aunt Tiger coming along anymore (Choi 125). It is a true story found on her experience under the dictatorship of the Japanese Imperial Government during World War II. After the war ended and the Japanese lost, Russia sent phalanx into Northern Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese.As the Russian Communists occupy North Korea and threaten Korean civilians, Sookan, the narrator, faces the Japanese, the Russians, and her fight into South Korea. After I read this tremendous reinvigorated it reminded me of my family I assure you it is one of my favorite books, and while I read this book, I learned that I could have polar emotions The novel reminded me of my family because they argon always with me while Sookans parents, from time to time, were apart from her. Her Grandfather had always reminded them Harmony will prevail, after darkness there will be light, provided we cannot have the light without the dark.Better days are bound to come now as Cabuco 2 some of the family members were away (Choi 46). When I used to be alone at home with my grandfather, he used to tell me something similar to this about always sticking together, but when alone do not move back hope. Inchun reminds me of myself when I was small, because I used to follow my brothers e rattlingwhere, and I used to annoy them by whining and crying. This novel became one of my favorite novels because it taught me about pain sensation, sacrifices, and loss.I could feel the pain Sookan went through as I read I eard the dogs drawing closer and I thrust my body under the wire. The ba rbs dug into me. My hair was caught, my clothes ripped, and I could feel the blood pooling in the cuts on my back (Choi 164). Therefore, they had a lot of sacrifices of leaving their homeland, friends, and the precious things of grandfather. They even lost Kisa, Aunt Tiger, the sock girls, and Unhi. As Sookan says herself I wouldnt have lost so much if it werent for the Japanese (F. , Anna). This statement is actually true because without the sacrifices and losses, they would not have made it for freedom.I also like this book because I think not many books are written about wars whose cause has experienced it, but this book was. As I read this novel, I learned that I could have different emotions. At first, I thought it was boring since it had a lot of details and the first chapter was long, but as this story gets to its plot, I got interested as Sookans feelings are being expressed. Can you blame them? How are they to know theres anything better? Your Americans arent here. I Aunt Tiger heard theyre in Japan helping the JapaneseTheyre nearby now, but they just dont care about us, I matt-up helpless, annoyed, and disappointed about the situation for being abandoned as I read this quote (Choi 106). I was getting irritated by how brutal the Japanese and Cabuco 3 Russians were treating the Koreans. I felt really annoyed by Inchuns whining, crying, and complaining. As Sookan and Inchun arrived at their home in South Korea, I felt really lugubrious that they did not find their mother there, as they hoped they would. I felt really happy that they finally reached the South.I also like how the authors choice of words, as they can really give the reader, like myself, vivid imageries and different emotions. I have no words to explain what I think about this novel, but I can assure that it has become one of my favorite books. As I was reading this novel till the very end, I found myself with different emotions. It reminded me of my parents and I felt so blessed that they were always with me. It is really easy to have a favorite book, but it is hard to know what it has really taught me. This book has really godlike me, that is why it has become one of my favorite books.The author has great choice of words that filled me with different emotions. Above all, I would rate it nine point five out of ten, because ten is reserved for the best book and I was quite bored to it until the novel got to its plot. I really like the part about understanding the life at war from someone, like the author, who has experienced it. I would recommend this book to everyone, specially to the little ones as they know very little about life at war. After reading this novel, the reader will feel really inspired by this wonderful novel from the author who has experienced it all.

Drug Trafficking Is A Common Economics Essay

drug Trafficking Is A Common Economics Essay medicate trafficking is a common contend in Mexico. Owing to its geographical location, Mexico strategic position in terms of medicate supply, market demand, and diffusion, the barons enjoy huge profits from the craftiness. Mexico neighbors Columbia, which is the world largest cocain producer, and the U.S., which is a leading consumer of adulterous medicates. Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico agree a large network of illicit doses supply. The Mexican laws against drug trafficking pose a major nemesis to the US drug customers since the laws threaten to cut down the drug trafficking avenues. However, the drug trafficking organizations be well organized and distinguished in enjoin to conceal their illicit activities. This paper addresses similarities between the trading trading operations and activities of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) and those of rightful(a) international crinklees.Mostly, the drug t rafficker pose as m championy launders in site to clothe their vast sums of cash obtained from the flip-flop1This serves as a disguise since they are able to channel their money to different investments, such as money make clean2.Like the international trade, the drug trafficking seam is well- organized, with various marketing networks around the world. Drug trafficking is a railway line operation whose marketing techniques include smuggling, extortion, and threat, product line, and other prohibit items.The drug trafficking business is similar to a legitimate business venture, and sometimes has a corporate executive organizational structure, with support staff3The illegal business of drug trafficking survives due to pretense of undertaking legitimate business or through infiltration of legitimate business. In case of infiltration, the drug trafficking business operators social occasion techniques such as protection rackets and immunity. Drug trafficking is a booming busines s in Mexico, where is it conducted by drug cartels and the Mexican Mafia. The cartels are not declared as terrorists, and this hinders the action of the American law enforcement and financial regulation on the Mexican borders4S flat drug cartels operate in Mexico. They are Sinaloa, Los Zetas, Arellano Felix organization, Beltran Levya, New Federation, and Familia Michoacana (LFM) cartels5. These cartels are illustrated as global businesses with backward and forward connections, for supplying and distributing their products in other countries6. As businesses, their main concern is supplying the markets with the illicit drugs in a most in effect(p) manner in order7to increase their profits.This is a popular strategy, used by terrorist organizations, which engage in legal business, in order to fund their operations illegally or legally around the world. The Gulf Cartel emerges as a powerful drug cartel in profitability and territory. Los Zetas is extremely knockout since it is made u p of ex militaries from Mexican Airborne, who acts as assassins. Sinaloa Drug Trafficking Organization is more aggressive with an aim of controlling Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico. The LFM is a combine of criminal, social, and religious aspects, which leaves no marks on the corpses, and the iniquity scene, thusly their actions are known as the divine justice acts8.Mexican cartels take hold various sub-divisions, with a vertical chain of command, originating from Mexico. The organization has surrogates throughout the U.S., who runs daily operations in the different countries. Mexican operators issue guidelines concerning transport of drugs, warehousing and money laundering services. accepted international businesses are well organized with their operations based in many countries. There is a chain of command in every business in order to avoid chaos and maintain uniformity in the operations.Use of violence is a common strategy, used by the gangs in order to protect the ir trading interests. However, these activities are carefully executed in order to avoid being caught. The aim is to establish terror, which seeks to belittle the regime ability to depict adequate security to the citizens. The drug traffickers in Mexico aim at undermining the government, in order to carry out their illicit trade activities without any threats from the authority. They want to create a free market in disguise, and fight for this freedom indirectly. Legitimate trade operates with minimal restrictions from the government and the drug traffickers want to acquire the status.There are willing buyers, and many people are using drugs such as heroin and cocaine, which the Mexican drug traffickers are willing to supply9.Legitimate international trade has willing buyers and sellers. Drugs have ready markets especially in the join States, with the suppliers having distributors in these regions. Their connections in the global context assist them to distribute the drugs easil y. Legitimate international businesses have embraced globalization and can conduct their business freely in any untaught. They build customer trust and relationship, which enables customers to trust and conduct business with the dealers regardless of the distance.The drug traffickers practice social corporate responsibility in order to fulfill the ethical obligations, just as the legitimate international businesses do. LFM is known for its various donations such as Medicare, food, and school fees in aid for the poor. The drug barons aid the vulnerable and poor in the society in order to expose an inefficient government and damaged infrastructure10.This is a cover up of their real activities, and the public may mistake them for honest traders with an intention of reaching out to the community. They pretend to be practicing social corporate responsibility in order to disguise themselves. The cartels are dangerous and powerful and can outweigh the military and legitimate police.The il licit trade organizes its activities in a systematic manner, and carries out market research concerning the trade and are well versed with the risks involved11This is a similar scenario with many legitimate international businesses. The most targeted include vulnerable governments. There is a lot of illicit drugs flow from Mexico to the United States, and both situates engage in the blame mettlesome concerning the predicament. The drugs have causes several deaths in the last few years, and the Mexican government is wary about the issue12. They have put up several strategies in order to combat the illicit drug trafficking trade.In order to combat drug trafficking effectively, Mexico advances anti-money laundering strategies in order to combat transnational organized crime13. Money laundering avails a lot of money to drug barons who re-use it for illicit drug trafficking14.Money laundering prevention, and traffic with financial terrorism is one of the comprehensive strategies of de aling with organized crime. Legitimate International businesses are against money laundering activities. The Mexico government realizes the dire need to attack the economic power of the drug traffickers in order to weaken them15.Mexico strives to enhance its bilateral cooperation with other countries in order to combat drug trafficking. Drug traffickers disguise their vast income in money laundering activities16The drug traffickers center around drug trade, and attempt to fill a specific illegal market niche globally. Legitimate international businesses attempt to supply goods that have willing buyers in the global markets. Illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine are used by many people around the world, thus the drug barons aggressiveness in meeting the demands. Furthermore, the business is extremely lucrative with advanced profitability17. Legitimate international businesses are expected to achieve high profitability. Drug trafficking activities are influenced by factors such as politics, culture, geography, and economics, just like the legitimate international trade18Mexico is geographically located at a strategic location since it neighbors Columbia, which is one of the most significant world cocaine producers. This makes Mexico to acquire the drugs easily and supply them in the market. On the other hand, the drug dealers have distribution channels in different countries, which enable the goods to reach consumers. The Mexican drug dealers mainly focus on the drug trade, since it is more profitable, and their geographical location favors the trade. mart attractiveness of drug trafficking and the strategic positioning of Mexico enables it to engage in illicit drug trafficking.Drug trafficking takes advantage of the international supply chains, and weak governance in order to introduce the illicit products to the market. The demand for drugs is high and this makes the drug traffickers aggressive in satisfying these markets. Drug trafficking is increasing at an alarming rate, with Mexico experiencing over 47,000 deaths because of drug abuse19. The drug traffickers have adequate funds and arms, thus presenting a threat to the national security. The barons derive their competitive advantage from factors such as portal and control of drug smuggling paths across the U.S., and the ability to obtain, transport and sell major illicit drugs in Mexico.Mexican drug traffickers conduct their trade with spectacular professionalism and ability. They are highly profitable and earn a lot of annual income for the country, just like most legitimate international businesses20.Most of the drug dealers in Mexico are motivated by money21.The barons seek to maximize the profit at any prospect and reduce their danger of being caught, or detected. Money is a crucial element in every formal and informal organization and legal or illegal enterprises. Drug traffickers receive a lot of money from their trade, which they invest in money laundering services22. Th is empowers them and provides them with the courage to challenge the states institutions and the economic development of a country. Traffickers change their strategies constantly through devising new(a) sources, destinations, and transit zones. Law enforcers fail to deal with the international issues effectively, and the world does not possess effective global strategies for curbing perennial crimes such as cocaine and heroin trade. The issues originating from organized transnational crime are not adequately addressed in a global context23According to Olson Wilson, Mexico reported an approximated U.S. $6.2 gazillion24, from illicit drug export proceedings. Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations activities and operations strive to create diplomatic relationships with other countries in order to combat drug trafficking. Drug traffickers operate in a large chain or drug racket, in a different destination. Mexico has to collaborate with other nations in order to fragmentise down the operations. Similarly, legitimate international businesses have to cultivate positive relationships with other countries in order to carry out businesses in those countries. It is hard for a country to combat drug trafficking single-handedly, without the help of the international community.The Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTO, s), poses a major threat to the drug traffickers especially from the United States, since it is believed that the main customers are from the United States. Although the drug traffickers are not interested in overthrowing the Mexican government, they are keen on weakening the government in order to continue their operations without any interference from the state25. In order to facilitate their activities in the US, the drug traffickers from Mexico have formed alliances with United States prison and street gangs. These gangs are creditworthy for drug distribution in the United States26. According to Shanty et al, illicit drug trafficking has caused many social problems27 hence it requires more severe measures to combat.28Released by self-assurance of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Director Gil Kerlikowske set out goals in many of these areas. The strategy directs federalAgencies to increase coordination and information sharing with state and local lawEnforcement agencies, intensifies national efforts to interdict the southbound flowOf weapons and bulk currency, and calls for continued close collaboration with the Government of Mexico in their efforts against the drug cartels.29Therefore even with the governments efforts to minimise illegal drug trafficking, cartels will always look for loopholes in the system, including using corrupt border officers. The cartels control the trafficking of drugs from South America to the US, a business that is worth an estimated $13bn (9bn) a year. Their power grew as the US stepped up anti-narcotics operations in the Caribbean and Florida. A US state department report estimated that as some(prenominal) as 90% of all cocaine consumed in the US comes via Mexico.30One reason why the government has deployed the army and marines so extensively is that it feels the police cannot be trusted. Drug cartels with massive resources at their disposal have repeatedly managed to infiltrate the underpaid police, from the grassroots level to the very top31Globalisation aids international trade, although it provides an luck for smugglers and traffickers due to an increase in trade regulation difficulties32Globalisation increases inequality, and this has a disruptive effect, which causes people to resolve to illicit markets, and organized crime as endurance mechanisms. Illicit commerce has made a quick global spread in comparison with legal trade. Most transnational crimes begin in one continent and spreads to the others, mostly by a third means33. This makes it extremely hard to combat such perianal crimes. This was satisfied in a produce article While the Mexican federal gover nment periodically cracked down on drug trafficking, these operations were limited in size and backcloth34.ConclusionThe operations and activities of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) mirror those of legitimate international businesses in many respects. This ranges from their organizational structures to the marketing strategies. The drug trafficking enterprises practice socio-corporate responsibility in order to help the vulnerable people in the society. However, this is only used with an intention of undermining the government prowess and serves as a disguise for their criminal activities. The efforts of the Mexican government have been challenged because the drug rackets are powerful and interconnected in the global circles especially the United States, which is a strong hold market position.Drug trafficking business has various similarities arising from organizational structure, marketing and profitability. Mexico is strategically positioned, in terms of market supp ly and demand factors, which increases its profitability, and attractiveness. However, the illicit trade has caused many deaths ranging from consumption cerebrate deaths to law enforcers death. The dealers can do anything in order to protect their interests.

The Motivation Towards Learning English

The motif Towards Learning incline position nomenclature is a required civilize prevail over in the Malayan schools. Students experience 11 years of schooling prior to entering the upper educational institutions. Students in secondary schools spend five 40 minutes English periods per week. Regardless of the shift from the conventional didactics methods to communicative linguistic process teaching, most English language classrooms continue to be places to commit textbooks to stock kinda than practice communication and English is still to be treated as a school subject that conveys to be mastered and advantageously-tried rather than a tool for communication. Students in Malaysia can non get a degree from the institutions of higher education without passing the Malayan University English Test (MUET). So, triumph in encyclopaedism English might determine matchlesss growing mobility and prospect.It is significant in mentioning that go throughless of the great labors and pains creation put forth in Malaysian secondary schools to educate English, one can bargonly encounter fluent and confident school graduates. Disadvantage in listening and speaking skills are plainly noticed since instructors are required to teach students in an approach which is directed to achieve the requirements of the exams (extensive vocabulary and grammatical rules). For the reason that the General sulphurary Exam is not directed in the direction of the speaking and listening skills of students, the teachers of English discover themselves dispassionate in preparing their students for things which will never be tested in exams. Regrettably, make full of students in Malaysian secondary schools view as an aversion to acquire English and therefore they be present at the English training to pass the supreme exams. Consequently, from my concise experience in the teaching turf, I found out that the majority of students have passive and inert attitudes in the direction of acquirement English because of the prior experiences, that English is tough to become skilled at and it is observed that students in the present school systems are feeling hopeless and vulnerable because they leave out the skills needed to facilitate them pretend up pauperization.The news fork out need appears to be simple, straightforward and easy but its so complicated to describe. It seems to have been impracticable for theorists to tinct agreement on a particular definition. Martin Covington (19981) states that pauperization, like the notion of gravity, is easier to express in terms of its superficial, observable effects than it is to define. Certainly, this has not stopped plurality from essay it. A a small number of definitions were found for the duration of the research process. According to the Macmillans dictionary (1979), to motivate means to provide with a motive come to to effort or action. Gardner (1985) said that motive is related to iv aspects, which are the goal, effort, desire to attain the goal, and a favorable attitude toward the activity.Motivation is defined as the momentum and force to generate and maintain intentions and objective seeking acts (Ames Ames, 1989). Oxford and Shearin (1994) defined motivation as a craving to achieve a goal unite with the energy to work toward that goal. Keller (1983) states that motivation is the degree of the choices people make and the degree of effort they will put forth.Moreover, when we comprehend or take notice of the word motivation, many dustup and expressions are triggered in our minds, words like aim, aspiration, motivation, effort, purpose, vigor, perseverance, accomplish, encourage, and reward. Indeed, motivational issues consume a great part of our daily life. When we have a parole rough likes and dislikes, interests, or wishes we are in incident concerning ourselves with the most definitive motivational determinants of human. When we grumble and whine close stretched working hours, deprived salaries, rough colleagues, or instead when we are pleased by the course credit of our achievements, promotions and munificent motivators, we are addressing issues at the core of the motivational psychology.1.1 Background of the ProblemKanfer (199812) explains that motivation is psychological mechanisms regime the direction, intensity, and persistence of actions not due solely to individual differences in ability or to overwhelming environmental demands that coerce or force action. In short, the notion of motivation is very much part of our everyday personal and professional life and few would ignore its importance in human affairs in oecumenical. Dornyei (20011).In fact accomplishment and teaching English as a second/foreign language is no exemption or exclusion in this aspect. When we think of how to persuade and give confidence to slow disciples to work harder, how to produce an attractive and eye-catching schooling ambiance or how to recompense the hard- working students we uphold with motivation without a doubt.Since motivation is one of the most noteworthy factors in language acquisition, it is not easy for the low do students to learn English as a foreign language. Dornyei (1994) obviously explains that motivation is one of the main determinants of second/foreign language learning. Amusingly, motivation is perceived by Dornyei (2001) as recurring, going up and down, touching language accomplishment and being exciseed by it. He also claimed that a demotivated person is fewone who initially has had motivation to accomplish an objective or to involve in an activity and has lost the motivation to do so because of unenthusiastic external factors which related to the surroundings in which learning takes place for vitrine the classroom and school. Nikolov (1999, in Dornyei, 2001) found that the most essential demotivating factors for all the age groups were related to the learning situations such(prenominal) as materials, the teac her or teaching techniques and he added further that these factors had great consequence on language acquisition and accomplishment.Therefore, understanding the students aspiration and motivation for learning English in addition to the demotivating factors assist the teachers, educational policy makers and course of study planners to develop the students proficiency.1.2 Problem StatementMotivational factors have an effect on students proficiency and advancement in learning English. Many studies (Krusdenier, 1985, Dornyei, 1994) have established that measures of proficiency in the second/foreign language are related to motivational distinctiveness of students. In this respect, Corria (1999) claims that a full understanding of students motivation is necessary to make the most of the English language firmnesss and positive outcomes. To put emphasis on the significance of discovering the students needs, he cites an example of students at the school of nurse in Holguin who rejected le arning English because they did not find any relation between English and their own livelihood and learning about unrelated, contrasted and distasteful material that wouldnt satisfy their needs.Purpose of the StudyThe research is designed based on one purpose which isto go over the motivational factors in learning English among lower secondary school students1.4 Research QuestionsThe following research question is considered in the acquireAre the students motivated combinatorially or instrumentally in learning English?1.5 Significance of the StudyRealizing and comprehending the essential responsibility of motivation in learning English, in addition to the aspiration of school administrations and teachers to discern what affects the students motivation towards learning English and the lack of studies about motivation in Malaysian secondary schools forced me to bear this field. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to distinguish the factors poignant Malaysian stude nts motivation in the direction of learning English as a foreign language. It also focuses at exploring the students endogenetic and instrumental motivation for learning English.The study will first and foremost give information on motivation toward learning Second speech communication through literature review in deuce significant and pertinent areas compositional (positive attitudes toward the take aim language group and a enthusiasm to assimilate into the target language friendship) and instrumental (practical reasons for learning a language, such as to achieve kind recognition or to get a better job) motivation and factors influencing the motivation of L2 assimilators.1.6 Limitations of the StudyThe study is being conducted at one school, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. The results of the study may again be restrain in generalizability to a larger population because a convenience sample was being used, and because random assignment is not employed i n the research design.Chapter 2Literature ReviewTo improve the understanding of students motivation in learning English as a foreign language it is useful to analyze and focus the literature in two relevant areas Integrative and Instrumental motivation, and also the factors affecting the students motivation as they are major determinants for language acquisition and achievement.2.1 Sources of MotivationWithout knowing where the roots of motivation lie, how can teachers water those roots? Oxford Shearin (1994 15). Fisher, (1990) points to three major sources of motivation in learning, which is the disciples natural interest ( built-in satisfaction), the teacher/employment and etcetera (extrinsic reward), and success in the task (combining satisfaction and reward).Intrinsic motivation is mainly about acts or behavior performed to experience enjoyment or fulfilling ones inquisitiveness, while, extrinsic motivation relates to the behavior and actions to obtain a little extrinsic rewar d (e.g. -good grades, employment) or to void punishment and it can function as a temporary source of motivation for a demotivated learner. Ryan Dec (2000) reveals that intrinsic motivation is the most vital amiable and it is defined as the yearning to engage in an activity for its innate satisfaction rather than for some divisible consequences. To encourage intrinsic motivation, many characteristics as challenge, control, inquisitiveness and desire should be vacant to reflect the learners enthusiasm to learn (Lepper Hodell, 1989).Small (1997) utter that intrinsically motivated learners habitually demonstrate intellectual curiosity, regard learning as enjoyable and keep on in quest of knowledge even after the formal classes and this is the major goal of education. The lack of intrinsic motivation among the learners not only discourages them, but it also upsets the teachers who are the keystone of the educational practice. Luce (20021) explained that over the years I have watched them (teachers) collapse, falling hard into vinyl group seats of the faculty bun, heard them grunt the oh. hell and damn that come from the experience of working with students who wouldnt learn. I have listened to the sighs of frustration and then the discussion of the fact that students are largely unmotivated, unwilling slugs taking up my time and best performances.Littlejohn (2001) think that not many students have a sense of intrinsic satisfaction. whatsoever teachers strive to affect positively the pupils sense of intrinsic satisfaction by means of games or puzzles. This has momentary impact. So, natural interest of the learners is undependable to produce never-ending motivation in language learning. Vroom (1995) originated the Expectancy theory in which motivation is almost certainly to take place when learning is significant to the learner (valence), the endeavor to learn will be practical and useful to the learner (instrumentality) and the learners effort and hard work wi ll be rewarded by the learners expected result (expectancy).Realizing these facts, many teachers choose to prefer the extrinsic reward and the extrinsic punishment. In the classrooms, teachers may reward good students with good marks or flattering words or penalize other students with low marks. Therefore, the reward system itself can be exasperating and demotivating for the weaker students. The third source of motivation is the most distinguished and essential one. For the weak and failing students, we, as teachers have to develop their sense of success and a feeling that they can do something, rather than a feeling that they cant. (Littlejohn, 20014)2.1 Motivation and Attitudes in Second wording learningNumerous theorists and detectives have discovered that it is vital to take a look at the construct of motivation not as a single entity but as a multi-factorial one.In relation to the learner attitudes toward the target language, it was indicated by Gardners results (1959, 1983, 1985) that Second Language learners with positive attitudes towards the speakers and destination were more thriving in learning the language than those who had negative attitudes. Gardner (1983) argued that, because language is the fundamental part of refining, the learning of a second language is dependent upon the learners avidness to recognize with the culture of the target language and to fit in aspects of the target- language culture, including lingual repertoire into his or her own behavior.In addition, Fasold (1984) stressed the function of learners attitudes in language growth or perish and he stated that the notion of language attitudes not only includes attitudes towards speakers of a particular language, but it as swell includes all kinds of behavior relating to language to be treated.Captivatingly, achievement in learning Second Language for the most part depends on the social relation among the runner and Second Language communities. Wong-Fillmore (1991) suggeste d that accomplishment in learning a second language is dependent on the presence of the following conditions (a) motivated students who check they need to learn the target language, (b) target-language speakers who support the second- language learners, and (c) frequent social contad between target-language speakers and learners.Regarding the outcome of learning a foreign language ones own culture, Kramsch (1995) writes about how language plays an imperative function not only in the building of culture but also in the surfacing and emergence of cultural change. Kramsch (1995 85) also claimed that social change occurs slowly, but inevitably at the edges of dominant cultures. This is true also of the change that we might want to bring about by teaching people how to use somebody elses linguistic code in somebody elses cultural context. Educating members of one society how to talk and how to behave in the context of another community potentially changes the social and cultural equatio n of both(prenominal) communities, by ingeniously diversifying mainstream cultures.The intensity of the relationship between students own cultural background and the background expect by the target community culture usually affects their attitudes and motivation toward learning Second Language. Lambert (1990) differentiated between two types of bilingualism elongate and ablative. In additive bilingualism, the Second Language learners believe that by learning a new language, something new to their knowledge and experience is added without taking anything away from what they already know. But, in subtractive case, the learners feel that learning Second Language bes what they already achieve for themselves. So, it can be said that additive circumstances lead to successful Second Language learning and integrativeness.Obeidat (2005) conducted a study to inspect Malaysian students attitudes who were studying in Jordan Universities, toward learning Arabic as a foreign language. He conc luded that the students were integratively motivated and their integrative orientations could be credited to the shared belief in Islam which made them prone to expand their scope and construct up their character in the feed of learning Arabic.Besides, attitudes of the foreign language learners may be affected by the apprehension that participation with the target language group may effect in estrangement from ones own group. For example, opinions that English is in rivalry with Arabic, may have a negative affect on attainment of English in the Arab World. Pennycook (1994204-10) stated that that whether or not tension exists between Western and Islamic knowledge , there is a strong feeling that English is linked to forms of culture that threaten an Islamic way of life. Consequently, an analysis into learners attitudes is a technique by which language teachers, education planners, syllabus designers and researchers can boost better insight into the language teaching and learning pro cess.2.2 Integrative and Instrumental MotivationMotivation and needs are strongly related. On one hand, motivation is perceived as the realization of needs, and on the other, human needs function as drives or incentives which shift one to a particular action. The best well-known theory of human needs is Maslows (1970) power structure of need. Maslow put together a fivefold hierarchy of human needs which begins with biological needs and advance upward to psychological ones physiological needs, as well as the need for food and water the need for safety social needs, as well as belongingness and love esteem needs, e.g. the feelings of self-respect and positive acknowledgment from others and self-actualization, which means the need for a sense of self-fulfillment.In relation to the foreign or second language learning, the need for safety indicates that the Second Language learner needs to be protected that learning the target language and culture doesnt affect negatively his/her own cul ture or language. Furthermore, openness in general and learning languages in particular needs a secure and an unstressful atmosphere to facilitate language acquisition. Admiration and social needs also indicate that the learner needs to be a educated person who is capable to communicate and assimilate with others by learning their language. Failure to suit students needs is prone to check their risk-taking and motivation. Psychologically self-doubting Second Language learners can be awfully anxious (Macintyre Gardner, 1991) and if this happens, Second Language learners relapse in their needs, motivation, and achievement in the classroom.Motivation for learning a second/foreign language is defined as the learners point of reference with regard to the objective of learning a second language. (Crookes Schmidt 1991). To investigate and realize the effect of motivation on second language acquisition, the two basic types of motivation (integrative and instrumental) should be identified . Integrative motivation is characterized by the learners optimistic and positive attitudes towards the target language society and the aspiration to join together into the target language society. Instrumental motivation contains the purpose of gaining some social or economic incentive through Second Language achievement, consequently, referring to a more functional reason for language learning (Gardner Lambert, 1972).To evaluate a variety of individual differences variables based on socio-educational model, Gardner developed the Attitude and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) which consists of these five categories integrativeness, instrumental motivation, motivation, anxiety and attitudes toward learning situations. Gardners model has been used in many motivational studies (e.g. Tremblay Gardner, 1995, Masgoret, 2001).It is satisfactory to say that Gardners model place too much stress on the integrativeness and the responsibility of learners attitudes towards L2 group in learning th e second language. Regardless of the fact that both kinds of motivation are crucial fundamentals of success in learning the second/foreign language, much debate and disagreement among researchers and educators have been happening about which kind of motivation is more important for the second language learners. Lambert (1974) perceived integrative motivation as being of more importance in formal leaning environment than the instrumental one and it was a more influential forecaster of linguistic accomplishment.Falk (1978) agreed with Lamberts allegation by pointing out that students who are most thriving when learning a target language are those who fond of the people that speak the language, have a high regard for their culture and have a longing to become familiar with the society in which the language is used. On the other hand, Lukmani (1972) found that an instrumental motivation was further significant than an integrative one among the non-Westernized Students of Second Language (English) in Bombay, India. Dornyei (1990) opposed Gardner by claiming that instrumental motivation and the learners need for accomplishment are more essential than the integrative motivation. Brown (2000) stated that second language learners hardly ever select one form of motivation when learning a second language, but rather a mixture of them and he cites the example of the international students in the United States.However, in response to calls for the implementation of a wider image of motivation, Tremblay Gardner (1995) included other motivational variables into the socio- educational model and they acknowledged that other factors as instrumental orientation, attitudes toward the teacher and the course, learning strategies and self confidence might contribute to motivation.In relation to the Malaysian circumstances, second language learners might conserve their identity by instinctively selecting to be motivated instrumentally. Desire related to integrative motivation might affect their Malaysian identity and the dread of identifying with English (Western) culture and values may be related to the colony or to the latest American campaign against some countries in the area. In sense of review of the literature available in the area of students motivation for learning foreign languages, loads of studies try hard to investigate the learners integrative and instrumental motivation. Oller et al (1997) studied educated Chinese speaking ESL students and he realizes that those who perceive Americans as helpful, sincere and friendly perform better in a cloze test of English as a second language. Man-Fat (2004) have the same opinion with Oller when he explored the motivation of English language learners in Hong Kong (grade10) and his study reported the noteworthy association between integrative motivation and language proficiency.Conversely, instrumental motivation was found more important in some situations particularly where there appears to be modest amount o f desire to assimilate. Fu Lee (1980) found out that Chinese students in Hong Kong were instrumentally motivated and Second Language linguistic achievements correlated more with instrumental motivation. Dornyeis study (1996) of Hungarian secondary school learners of English exposed that instrumental motivation is a innermost element of motivation where comparatively down-to-earth benefits are actually reachable for the learners. He also claimed that foreign language learning in a classroom doesnt involve attitudes towards the Second Language community because learners have little or no contact with members of Second Language group.In brief, as it is understood from the above discussion, the researchers and educators havent resolute on what the most important kind of motivation a second/foreign language learner should have. The 1970s studies (Gardner, 1972, 1979, Lambert, 1974) have shown that integrative motivation is more important for success in Second Language acquisition and ins trumental motivation did not seem to relate to successful language learning. However, the following studies (Gardner McIntyre, 1991, Dornyei 1994, Oxford, 1994) discovered that integrative motivation may not be the strongest forecaster for language learning and the issue of motivation may not be as straightforward as integrative-instrumental dichotomy. They recommended that other mechanism such as aspiration for knowledge need for accomplishment, intellectual inspiration and personal challenge can also play important roles n second language learning.2.3 Factors Demotivating Foreign Language LearningThe similarities of concern between most foreign language classrooms where the language in question is a compulsory school subject, is the problem of demotivation. Nevertheless, the disadvantage of English language learners in general has been attributed to an assortment of factors such as teaching methodology, lack of the target language environment and the learners demotivation (Mukkata sh, 1983, Zughoti,1987). For that reason, it is vital for the teachers at least to be conscious of the possible factors that may be disturbing their students motivation. With those factors in mind, they may be able to build up strategies to help unravel the problems that take place relating to students motivation and aspiration to learn English as a foreign language.A great deal of research has been conducted on language learning motivation but a lesser amount of research is being done on the demotivating factors in learning the second language and a few studies have addressed them. Dornyei Otto (1998) dont distinguish motivation or demotivation as a stationary occurrence. In contrast, they are considered as dynamic, increasing and declining, affecting language accomplishment and being affected by the neighboring learning environment. The demotivated learner is defined by Dornyei as the one who is originally motivated and lost his/her motivation because of negative outer factors. Some studies have shown relatedness between demotivation and the learning environment such as classroom environment, teaching methods and curriculum (Gardner, 1985, Skehan, 1991, Sivan, 1986).Gorham Christophel (1992) examined the factors that students identify as motivators/demotivators in college classes in West Virginia University. The study compared students perception of the demotivating and motivating factors. As to demotivating factors, the factors related to teachers behavior were the most common, 43%, those under limited control of the teacher were second in occurrence (e.g. assessment and choice of text books), 36%, and only 21% related to contextual factors over which the teacher has little control. In terms of the data as a whole, the teacher behavior contributed in the same way to both motivation and demotivation. However, the researchers concluded that motivation is seeming as a student-owned state, while lack of motivation is perceived as a teacher-owned problem.Chamb ers (1993) (in Dornyei, 2001) explored demotivation in language learning in four schools n the UK. The study was done on the school students and their teachers. Students placed most responsibility on teachers and learning materials. The teachers claimed that the students motivation caused by psychological, social and attitudinal reasons.Generally, most studies conducted in the ground of motivation and demotivation as its backside found out that the personality of the teacher, teaching methods, learning context in addition to the learners attitude toward Second Language could play a fundamental role in the students motivation or demotivation on the road to learning languages.Chapter 3Research DesignIntroductionThis survey is a quantitative type of research which involves the use of questionnaire. Quantitative studies emphasize the measurement and analysis of causal relationships between variables, not processes. In a quantitative research, questionnaires, and computers are used as da ta collection methods. The data collected is numerical and statistical. The general objective of the researcher is to observe but does not actively participate. Research design is also structured and well-tested.3.1 ParticipantsParticipants consisted of 30 Form 2 students in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pekula Jaya located in Tikam Batu, Kedah. The socioeconomic status of the school and the area that the school served was largely middle class, and students were primarily Malays. The instruments were administered in the classroom during two periods of English lesson. During the session, students were asked to complete the questionnaire. Directions and individual items were read aloud by the administrator.3.2 InstrumentsFor the purpose of obtaining data on what negatively affects their English learning motivation, I conducted this study by using a questionnaire (see appendix). The questionnaire was adapted from Gardners (1985) AMTB to measure the students integrative/instrumental motiv ation in learning English. This part of the questionnaire contains 8 items reflecting the integrative/instrumental motivation and a five- point Likert Scale which ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agrees was being used in this survey.The integrative motivation scale includes four types of items to investigate how well the learners learn English with an authentic enthusiasm to absorb with the target language, culture, community, their manner of life and literature this would show their Integrativeness in the direction of the target language. However the instrumental motivation scale includes four items aiming at measuring the respondents functional reasons for studying English.3.3 ProceduresAt the very commencement exercise of the study, permission was gained from the principal of the targeted schools who showed a willingness to collaborate in this study. To guarantee a positive participation, the subjects were informed that their answers would be confidential and they were not required to write or give their names at any stage of the study. The questionnaire was administered by the researcher and 40 students participated in completing the questionnaire during their English class.The students were assured that the main objective of the researcher was to find out why they like to study English and what makes them sometimes dislike the English classes. Moreover, the students were told that their answers and opinions would not affect their grades or their teachers impression and their participation in the survey would help teachers to understand their desires and problems. Students were encouraged to ask questions at any time during the process.The survey was administered to the students in a classroom environment. Prior to the survey, the participants were assured of namelessness and confidentiality. Then, they were a brief explanation to facilitate the administration, and were asked to respond to the questionnaire items as spontaneously as possible. Th e students were asked to tick the answer wherever seemed necessary. The participants took approximately 30 to 40 minutes to complete the questionnaire, although there was no time limit. Upon completion of the administration, the participants were offered some refreshments for their participation

Physical And Cognitive Development Of Infants

Physical And Cognitive Development Of InfantsSelect one of the succeeding(a) age groups infants, toddlers or young children. Focus on two developmental domains (select from physical, social and emotional, language and/or cognitive development) of the child. Describe how these two domains develop deep down your chosen age group with the support of human development theories and concepts studied in this course. Identify a range of teaching strategies that promote a childs development in each of the two selected domains.Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. The study of human development helps to understand how and why people interpolate throughout life. This includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional and spiritual development. Papalia and Olds (1998) define lifespan development as a lifelong process of development (p.10).This judge describes the physical and cognitiv e development of infants (birth-12 months) and also discuss about rough teaching strategies that promote physical and cognitive development of infants in the early childcare centres.Physical development refers to progressively compassing control over large and small muscles. Gross locomote (large muscle) skills allow a child to do things like digress over, sit, crawl, walk, and throw a ball. Fine locomote (small muscle) skills en fitting children to do things like draw, and eat with spoon. The development of new drive skills allows children to make new discoveries. As they explore, they set about to make sense of their environment (Berger, 2001).The physical development of infants is actually important. Although children develop at different rates, they learn to control their bodies in the same progression (Berk, 2006). Arnold Gesell, an American psychologist, is one of the commencement exercise theorists who approached to determine developmental measure for children. He d eveloped his theory by studying a number of children (Terry, 2008).Newborn babies have very few motor skills. Their muscles are not strong enough to control their body, while their sense of hearing and smell are keen. Infants move by reflex(prenominal) when they are newborns. They move automatically in response to various stimuli. Some reflexes help parents to make sure that infants will get what they need to survive (Berk, 2006). For instance, when the develop vexes the cheek of a newborn, the baby starts moving his/her mouth in search of a nipple. When the m early(a) touches his/her mouth or when his/her mouth touches the nipple, the baby starts imbibe. Also, infants have other reflexes such as reciprocal kicking (Terry, 2008).In five months, most babies gain control of their arms and head. Gesell considered this process of physical growth a genetically determines series of events that unfolds automatically (Berk, 2006, p.14). He believed that physical development occurs to ea ch child in a fixed order, and a certain development happens when an individuals inner agreement is prepared. Gesell also suggested head-to-tail and centre-to-edge sequence (Berk, 2006). In other words, control develops from head to toe, and from the centre of childrens bodies out through their arms and legs to their fingers and toes. For example, a child learns to lift his/her head first and then sit, crawl, walk and run (Terry, 2008).Gesell also stated that an infant gains control of the head before arms, and masters moving arms before fingers. fit to milestones of motor development, infants can lift their upper body by using their arms two months after their birth, and sit by themselves a few months after. Then, infants be occur able to control their lower body to do things like walking and jumping (Berk, 2006).When the children are of nearly one year, they are gradually developing their fine motor skills like grabbing objects. They begin to stack blocks or other toys. Also the y can pick up small pieces of cereal, open and close small boxes, and turn knobs on toys because their pincer grasp becomes to a greater extent coordinated (Berk, 2006).Another aspect of physical development is shaping senses. A childs sense of taste, smell and hearing are more developed than sense of sight. Infants can recognize the difference of flavors, peoples smell and tones of voice, while their vision is unclear. In addition to these four senses (taste, smell, hear and vision), infants develop their sense of touch (Berk, 2006).Teachers play an important situation in promoting childrens physical development. They should provide safe indoor and outdoor spaces for children to move their bodies. Educators should provide materials and equipments jibe to the age and developmental aim of infants (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).Educators can promote physical development of infants by reinforcing and encouraging them. Educators should help and encourage children when they are learni ng new skills (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). For example, when an infant is taking the feed from his/her bottle, educator should encourage him/her for holding the milk bottle (Terry, 2008). Educators should provide the opportunities for children to use their senses to explore, shape, volume and other characteristics of objects (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).Educators can promote physical development of infants by providing equipments and opportunities for gross motor skills. To do this, educators should set up the room in a way that infants have the freedom to explore in a range of safe spaces (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). For instance, some infants have started crawling, so teachers should divide the space so that the infants, who do not crawl, wont get hurt. Educators should provide a range of materials and equipments that helps children to use their large muscles. For example, travail bikes, tunnels and so on (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).Educators can promote physical deve lopment of infants by providing equipments and opportunities for fine motor skills. To do this, educators should provide opportunities for infants that help them to develop small muscles by hold on, dropping, pulling and fingering (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Treasure basket is a good resource that teachers can use to develop fine motor skills of infants (Terry, 2008).As human beings grow, they gain fellowship and produce different thoughts, and also their ability of memorizing develops. This change of intelligence is called cognitive development. The early years of a childs life are crucial for cognitive development (Berger, 2001). Cognitive development of the baby means the learning process of memory, language, thinking and reasoning. Babies develop at their own pace. So, it is impossible to tell exactly when any child will learn a given skill. Jean piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of the famous cognitive theorists (Tesar, 2008).After birth of a baby, their intelligence devel ops quick during the first two years. According to Piagets cognitive theory, infants explore and understand their adult male by using their senses. For example, smelling, sucking, throwing, and mouthing and so on. Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development, which he believed occur in a certain order to everyone at individuals own rate (Berk, 2006).The first stage of development is called sensor motor stage that applies to children from birth to two year. During this stage, an infants doledge of the world is limited, but developing, to their sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli. Children utilize skills and abilities they born with, such as looking, sucking, grasping and listening, to learn more about the environment. This stage has further six sub-stages (Berk, 2006).During first sub-stage, which is reflexive schemes (0-1 month), the child understands the world through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking. The second sub-stage, which is primary circular reactions (1-4 months), involves coordinating sensation and new schemes (Berk, 2006). For instance, if a child accidentally puts his/her finger in mouth and has started sucking it, then later on, that child intentionally repeat this action. By repeating these actions, infants find them pleasurable (Tesar, 2008).During third sub-stage, which is secondary circular reactions (4-8 months), infants start paying attention on the world around them and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment (Berk, 2006). For example, a child intentionally picks up a toy from the floor to put that toy in his/her mouth (Tesar, 2008).In the fourth sub-stage, which is coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months), object permanence occurs, demonstrating that memory is developing. Infants insure that an object exists and they begin to recognize certain objects as having specific qualities (Berk, 2006). For example, if the mother shows the baby an attractive toy and then hides that toy under the blanket. The child in this sub-stage can find the toy (Tesar, 2008).According to Piaget, infants develop their memory and imitation skills through these sub-stages. New born babies respond to what they feel through senses and also accompany facial expressions. As children grow, they enjoy repeating actions as well as becoming able to remember familiar people and objects (Berk, 2006).The ways children adapt to situations were exposit by Piaget as assimilation and accommodation. Children organize their own experience when they encounter the similar events during assimilation, whereas in accommodation, the children adjust old knowledge to new understandings when unfamiliar situations come (Bruce Meggitt, 2005).According to Vygotsky, childrens learning is influenced by people in their society. His idea of zone of proximal development is that childrens intelligence expa nds more when they are supported by adults or older children than when they are working by themselves. Infants gain knowledge not only from their own discoveries but also from what other people illustrate to them (Nixon Gould, 2003).According to Piaget, the teacher should provide an environment where children can explore themselves. Teachers play an important role in the development of children. Teachers should create an environment where they can interact with the children and come upon them closely (Tesar, 2008).Teachers should provide opportunities for infants to use all senses to explore the world around them. For example, providing treasure basket is a good example to promote infants cognitive development. By doing this, educators can help children develop new concepts and gain thinking and reasoning skills (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).By providing musical instruments, teachers can help children to acquire knowledge of different sounds and children know the difference of hi gh and low volume (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Teachers should provide finger food to the infants. By doing this, children can smell, taste or squish the food. This helps infants to get familiar with the taste, hardness, womanishness and smell of the provided food (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).Teachers can promote infants cognitive development by interacting with them in different ways. This helps children to promote their confidence and curiousity. Educators can promote infants confidence and marvel by praising their successess. For example, if a child roll over or hold a toy for the very first time, then the teacher should value that child. By doing this, teachers can help children in buliding their self confidence and inceases their curiosity for achieving success for next time (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991).In conclusion, physical development occurs to infants automatically according to genes in the fixed sequence. Also, babies gain control of their upper body before lowe r body. Infants gain knowledge of world through explorations by using their senses as well as organizing previous experiences when they face unfamiliar situations. According to Vygotskys point of view, an infants cognition expands with the support from people around them. Educators play a prominent role for the physical and cognitive development of infants.

Religion Essay -- Catechism, Catholic Church

In 1999, police officers killed a man who they were chasing for three-consecutive hours. While he was being chased, five California TV helicopters circularizeed the event live, and the unblemished public, including his family, saw his death. The Churchs teaching reveals whether the live broadcasting of untamed acts is ethical or unethical. Throughout the years the media has increased the reporting of real violent acts, but they are not beneficial to the commonalty good due to the negative effects it has on piece dignity. Firstly, the Catechism Of The Catholic Church teaches that all media is extra to what the common good requires. To illustrate, Pope Paul VI says that, The information provided by the media is at the service of the common good (CCC 2494). This shows that all information fall apartd by the media mustiness be beneficial to the common good. Secondly, the Catechism states that all media that is broadcasted to the public must never oppose the common good. For examp le Pope Paul VI says the, the media must adjust their economic, political or artistic and technical aspects so as never to oppose the common good (Inter Mirifica 11). Revealing that the media must not disclose any information that may oppose the common good. Thirdly, the media releases wanton violent acts, which undermine the value of human dignity. For instance, the Catechism Of The Catholic Church teaches that, Social legal expert can be obtained only in respecting the transcendent dignity of man (CCC 1929). This means that real word of honor reports can only be beneficial to the common good if they respect the dignity of man. Lastly, The Catechism Of The Catholic Church teaches that no matter what physical or mental state the person(s) are in the media must save respect ... ...s and dignity of the person(s) must be always respected. Thus, the media must take into consideration the harm they may cause to the public and the loss of respect for human dignity. To conclude, the me dias coverage of real violent acts in the news does not benefit the common good. The media uses the human right to information as a tool to broadcast as much news as possible for profit. They do not censor any of the gratuitous violence. The journalists are left to blame due to the province they hold when disclosing the information they have learned to the public. Also, the uncensored violence can harm the public and it disrespects the dignity of the person(s). Over the years the medias perspective of what news is has changed drastically, from information to entertainment. No matter where you go or what you watch, for some reason there is always violence.

A Freudian Analysis of The Fatal Sisters Essay -- The Fatal Sisters

A Freudian Analysis of The Fatal Sisters   When the psychoanalytical approach is applied to Thomas Grays The Fatal Sisters,, each of Freuds three main theories ar glaringly apparent. A major factor in the poems psychoanalytical grisly texture is that the poem is sung by the giants at the loom as they weave. The spoken communication they use not only reflects upon the characters, but it offers new insight for Freudian analysis. The most obvious example of Freuds theories is phallic and yonic symbolism. (HCAL 132) War is being fought by the phallic warriors and all of the descriptions of the woof of war are rife with phallic symbolism. One prime example of this is line 22, Pikes must shiver, javelins sing. The valkyries--who are the only characters mentioned by summon in the giantesss song--are accompanied by appropriate yonic symbols. Gondula, and Geira, spread/Oer the youthful king your shield (31-32) The loom portrays an interesting blend of both types of symbols. The Sword, that once a monarch bore, (15) is one of the phallic symbols of the loom, dealing with the p...