How To Write A Marketing Copy Or Report

<h1>How To Write A Marketing Copy Or Report</h1><p>The universe of online business can be one of the most unpleasant and now and again baffling encounters for any individual who is a first time online business visionary. Any achievement or disappointment of your online business relies generally upon how well you can speak with your customers recorded as a hard copy. An elegantly composed and completed report, or promoting duplicate, is the initial move toward boosting your business and assisting with expanding your organization's general profits.</p><p></p><p>First, before beginning the advertising duplicate for your online business, you should settle on the objectives that you need to accomplish by utilizing this specific sort of composing. Will you use it as a proper direct mail advertisement, a pitch letter, an introduction or to help an organization website?</p><p></p><p>As you start your promoting duplicate creati ve cycle, you will likely need to initially choose what report composing administration you are going to utilize. There are various organizations out there that have practical experience recorded as a hard copy reports or advertising duplicate, however they don't all offer the equivalent services.</p><p></p><p>Once you have limited the organizations that you feel are directly for your online business, you should cautiously examine their contributions and discover how they handle their reports. For instance, you should ask yourself whether you would incline toward a concise report, an undeniable white paper, a reality sheet or any blend of the three.</p><p></p><p>Once you have picked your online business, you should have this data promptly accessible readily available as you compose the report. In the event that you are not a composing expert, you may need to enlist a composing administration to ensure that your advertising duplicate ge ts to your target group. You will likewise need to have it affirmed by your customers before it goes live.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to this procedure is to have a duplicate of your showcasing duplicate and the finished report prepared when you meet with your customer. This will give you a lot of time to examine the particular report and the general report composing administration's administrations. By making the whole procedure of composing the report and getting last endorsement from your customers, you will feel substantially more certain and can continue to the following step.</p><p></p><p>Take an opportunity to pick a composing administration that you feel will be best for your business. At that point, you will find that it will be far simpler to concentrate on composing your report and your showcasing duplicate for your online business.</p>

Essay Topics on Eating Out Or Restaurants

Essay Topics on Eating Out Or RestaurantsHow do you choose the right essay topics on eating out or restaurants? Since so many people go to places such as a movie theatre, a nightclub, or an eating establishment for meals.Choosing essay topics about eating out or restaurants can be a little overwhelming if you don't know what to write about. When writing your essay you will want to think about the guests you will be talking to about this topic. That way you will know what to include.Students that go to school are typically told to write about people who are around them every day, such as their peers and business school students. You should ask friends and business people about their favorite eating establishments in your area. This way when you start your essay you will have some idea of what to write about.Another way to get new friends that you will want to focus on is by asking your local store clerks about their favorite eating place. They may even be able to give you recommendati ons for good places to eat out. These people may already be talking about the topic at work.You can also check out the Sunday ads in your local paper and big-time magazines for ideas. If you want to make this easier you can research your topic online. There are a lot of websites available that have a list of popular eating establishments in your city or town.Your best bet would be to follow a recommendation from a well known business person or someone who has done your homework and found a local restaurant guide. If you choose this route, it will be a lot easier to focus on the topics that you need to write about.When you are choosing essay topics about eating out or restaurants you will want to take into consideration all of the topics you've been provided with. You can often save time and effort by using more than one of these guides. For example, you might go on line and look up restaurants in the city you live in and write about your experience there.Speaking of how do you choos e essay topics on eating out or restaurants. Try this on for size. The more time you spend thinking about the topics you choose the better chance you'll have of success when you begin writing.

GED Essay Prompts 2020 - Find Out How You Can Be in the Lead

GED Essay Prompts 2020 - Find Out How You Can Be in the LeadThere are now a great number of GED essay prompts for this year. This is due to the fact that there are more number of GED applicants this year and most of them prefer to use online tutorials to pass their exam in less time. But, you should make sure that you will be able to get the answer of your question in the shortest possible time.The easiest way to find out more about the GED essay prompts is to use the internet. There are hundreds of GED essay prompts available on the internet for you to read. There are also numerous tips and hints that you can find online.The best way to find out what prompts are available for this year's GED exam is to just log on to Google. On the internet, you will be able to find all kinds of articles and websites that offer you the information that you want to know. Some of the GED essay prompts which you can find online are similar to those used by previous applicants. You just have to focus on finding the ones which are unique and which contain the words you are looking for.You should always choose an application or an essay that would give you an edge over other applicants. This will allow you to stand out and become the creative writer for this year's exam. Your essay will be one of the few points that most applicants will look at before making their decision.If you are a native English speaker, you may find it easier to write your own essay as you will not need to rely on a writing guide for this task. English is the preferred language for students taking the GED so it makes sense that you pick an English speaking writing style when you use a GED writing prompt. You can choose to stick to a particular style such as verb tensesor dialogue style. You can also play around with the formatting of your essay as well.One thing you should always remember when you are writing your GED essay is to look for the bottom line. Although there are countless details, you should always try to include information that will make your topic interesting for the examiners. Also, do not rely too much on grammar and spelling mistakes as they will not affect your score.You should make sure that you are prepared for the test center because if you do not study, you will not get a good score. If you are well prepared, you will surely pass your GED examination in the shortest possible time. So, make sure that you make time to study on the internet or in person and you will surely get the score that you desire.

Eating Disorders And The National Institute Of Mental Health

Diana Schimenti Julie Lartz College Writing 20 April 2016 Eating Disorders According to The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) website, eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses causing serve disturbances to a person’s eating behaviors. People with eating disorders often have obsessions with food, their body weight, and their shape. There is, however, a difference between an eating disorder and a diet. It is important to know the difference. Eating disorders are a daily struggle for 10 million females and 1 million males in the United States (Eating Disorder Hope). An eating disorder is a compulsion to avoid eating in order to lose weight while a diet is cutting down eating or healthier eating in order to lose weight. The three types of an eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. All three disorders are important and they all deserve immediate treatment. No matter what eating disorder someone has, it can resort in organ damage and sometimes even death. The average that someone develops anorexia is 19 years old (NIMH), but that does not mean a person can only be 19 in order to develop an eating disorder. The NIMH has reported cases of eating disorders reporting in ages as low as .1 percent of eight to eleven year olds and .2 percent of twelve to fifteen year olds. Eating disorders are becoming more common for students in high school and college, since they view it as a coping mechanism to handle theirShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders And Its Effects On Society1068 Words   |  5 Pagesother people in the U.S., it has been a routine for them to miss meals or consume over three meals per day. These people struggle with normal eating behaviors that result with negative effects on their emotional and physical health (Longe, 2008). These abnormal eating patterns are psychiatric illnesses known as eating disorders. 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It interferes with daily life, normal functioning, and causes pain for both the person with the disorder and those who care about him or her.† (Psychology Today) The term depression in psychology is more than just sadness. â€Å"People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack ofRead More Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder1420 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors: Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that is characterized by a persons impulsive and/ reckless behavior, poor self-image, self-injury, emotional fluctuations, unstable relationships. There are links that suggest it could be caused by genetic and environmental factors, but it is still being studied. A person that is part of a community or culture with unstable upbringing can increase the risk for this disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). A childhood with physicalRead MoreNational Institute Of Mental Health Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesNational Institute of Mental Health: Panic disorder The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2015) mission is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses (NIMH, 2015). NIMH try to accomplish this though clinical research, so they can prevent and cure people. Their goals are to promoting the discovery of the brain, so they can find the cure for the mental disorder, and developing new intervention that ingrate the need and support for people with mental illnesses (NIMH,Read MoreEating Disorders And Its Impact On Society1646 Words   |  7 Pages Eating Disorders and Its Impact on Society Brett White Tallahassee Community College Psychology 1101 Michelle Peruche November 06, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are very common in today’s society and can cause death if an intervention isn’t performed. While working in the hospital and being part of the wrestling team in high school I’ve witness several people with this disorder. Anorexia and bulimia are the most prevalent and generally are accompanied by another psychological disorderRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1295 Words   |  6 PagesAnxiety Disorder Many people experience anxiety and nervousness from time to time, typically about a near event, something with an uncertain outcome, problem at work, or making an important decision. It is a normal human emotion and a normal part of life, however, anxiety disorders are not and they are very different. Anxiety disorders are psychiatric disorders which are very serious mental illness. People with anxiety disorders experience overwhelming and constant worry and fear. It often don’t

Managing International Business In China -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing International Business In China? Answer: Introduction E-commerce is one of the most talked about business word since last decade, a lot of credit can be given to Amazon.com to take e-commerce to the heights envisioned and should be appreciated for starting something so relevant for the entire world. Amazon.com is one of the largest online marketplace connecting buyers and sellers (Bhatt, Patel, Chheda Gawande, 2015). The company which was started at the back of a garage way back in 1994 by the present visionary Jeff Bezos now has emerged as the largest e-commerce player in the market. Amazon was launched initially as an online book store, few years later the company forayed into DVD, Games, Lifestyle, Clothing, Consumer durable, web services and what not, the company currently boasts of more than millions of products listed on its website, finely curated to make easy browsing for its customers(Smith, Rupp Offodile, 2017). The company operates through three segments across the globe; North America, International and Amazon web services . One of the most astonishing features of Amazons business model is that it operates on Marketplace model, which means that it does not hold or control any inventory of its own; it just provides a platform where the sellers can sell their good to the buyers (Kristensen, Penner, Nguyen, Moy Lam, 2017) Amazon earned revenue of 136 Billion in the year 2016 and it employees over lakh people working in its offices which are situated across 13 counties, although the company ships product in almost 185 countries and merchants from over 100 countries list their product on its website (Chen Wilson, 2016). It is really an impossible task to even imagine how the company effortless operates its business operation which is spread across so many countries, despite the plethora of countries the company is operating in, Amazon still remain one of the most valued and customer centric company in the world. How much ever the competition may be rising, Amazon always pulls out best practices to woo the customers and its consistent innovation in improving the customer service keeps its way ahead of all its competitors(Schmidlin, 2014). Amazon has been also making tremendous contribution to the world by its cloud services, also called as Amazon web services, is apparently even bigger than the Microsof t (Schein, 2017) The purpose of the report here is to do a comparative analysis of how Amazon is competing in the market and understanding of its competitive position. The report will also highlight how Amazon is leveraging its competitive edge to provide additional benefits for its customers and still sustain its position of leader. The report will also highlight the challenges company faces or has been facing in its entire journey while trading across borders. In the era of globalization, when the entire world is accessible at a click, there still are challenges in setting up a business in other countries. PESTLE analysis will help in understanding the various macro environmental forces to consider while evaluating business opportunity. At the end of the report certain strategies will be recommended to Amazon on how to enhance its existing business and maintain the competitive edge over its competitors. Competitive Position In a world with a population of 7billion, where the internet penetration is almost 51 %( 3.65 Billion), e-commerce sector is bound to grow at a humongous rate. The current market projection for the growth in e-commerce is expected to be around 20% CAGR, which implies there is a huge untapped market and so are the areas of improvement(Turban, Outland, King, Lee, Liang Turban,2017) A plethora of players are operating in the e-commerce sector, some of whom are a strong competition to Amazon. The company has been leveraging the power of diversification strategy, which can be seen from its diverse interest by expanding into the online streaming market, manufacturer of consumers electronics such as Firefly and Echo and a sizable extension of Amazon web services. Further, Porters 5 force model will help in understanding how the company is operating and keeping its competitive edge in this evolving market. Porter analysis is a true reflection of Amazons competing strategy since its existence in the e-commerce market; the model is discussed in the later section of the report, highlighting its effectiveness in competing against the market forces and competition (Soper, 2016) Certain players like Flipkart in India, E-Bay in the USA and other countries, Alibaba, Paytm are major competitors of Amazon. The company has to stay on its feet at all times to sustain its established position of leader. It has been in the news recently that Wal-Mart, the largest retail player is looking to enter in the e-commerce market, and this will further intensify the competition (Christin, 2015). The e-commerce market primarily caters to the B2C customer segment which includes the online retail and shopping. In one of the recent studies conducted by Rauken (Marketing agency) in 2016, approximately 1.61 billion people from across the globe purchased goods online generating a total turnover of 1.9 Trillion USD. If at all projections are an indication the e-commerce market is touted to jump to 4.06 trillion by 2020.All these facts thereby implies the scope and the ever increasing competition to gain a sizable pie of the e-commerce market (DaCosta, 2016) Amazon has a different approach to enter international market, the strategy of the company is to Go global and think local, the company customizes its product and services to better suit the domestic market. It conducts an environmental analysis which helps the company to define its marketing mix. Determining the 7P of marketing is half job done, the other half is done by analysing the competition in the market, understand the product offering of the current service providers and then fill the lacunae in the present market offering. In order to remain competitive in the market, Amazon focuses on the differentiation and cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership helps the company to give the products at the least rate, and differentiator strategy helps the company to offer differentiated services. Amazon prime, Amazon web services Online grocery stores are some of the example of its differentiated strategy(Steenkamp, 2017). Alibaba V/s Amazon-Competitive analysis Alibaba and Amazon are undoubtedly the two largest e-commerce companies in the world. Although, if numbers have to be believed, Amazon is way ahead of Alibaba because of its global expansion business strategy, and market dominance in the US and other big markets. Another differentiating factor between both the companies is its web platforms, Amazon is a closed system which manages everything related to the warehouse, suppliers, customers and the logistics. On the other hand, Alibaba is an open platform which gives power to individual stakeholders. Hence, it can be seen that Alibaba wants to empower the people who are registered on the platform, while Amazon wants to control the same to deliver maximum productivity to the clients(Choi, 2017). Jeff Bezos, who is seen as one of the greatest visionary of its times was always clear of the philosophy for Amazon. He wanted Amazon to be remembered as customer-centric organization, an organization which focuses all its operation, policies and procedures around its customers. The same is highly visible by its excellent customer service, despite the vastness of the business; it never forgets to pay attention to even its smallest customer. Amazons pricing, delivery, customer support is both impressive and in a fitment with customer seeking values. Amazon is really obsessed with the pricing, the quality of products and thus keeps very few suppliers and maintains a very strict vendor selection process (Allen, 2015) Alibabas business strategy is more focussed on being a cost leader, it believes in giving the lowest cost products to the customers, which is also the USP of the company. Hence, in accordance to the Porters generic competitive advantage, the company has chosen cost leadership as the viable strategy towards business sustainability. On the contrary, Amazon focuses on Cost leadership and brings differentiation in its services by including services like Amazon prime, Amazon music, one day delivery gurantee and many more. The company is focussed on the broad market, thus it makes more sense to be a cost leader and keep its product and services highly differentiated(Li, 2018). Business Models Alibaba in the USA has been best known for their B2B platform which connects the Chinese manufacturers to businesses, and is registered as Alibaba.com, but the beauty is that it does not make sizable revenue from US or any other market as a matter of fact. Alibaba has been making almost 80% of its money from the Chinese market alone now that is something to be really proud of. Taobao which is a division of Alibaba is where they make majority of the money. The model of Taobao is similar to E-Bay, where the company allows small businesses and consumers to list their merchandize for sale. Taobao mall, another great division of Alibaba has a business model like that of Amazon, it also does not hold any inventory and just connects the buyers with sellers (Viswanadham, 2017). It is really an understatement to say that the Chinese market is dominated by Alibaba, because the sales which Amazon does from USA market is nowhere even close to what Alibaba makes from only the China market(Ojha, 2 016) Amazon as has been said earlier operates on a marketplace where third party players sell their goods on its platform .Recently Amazon has also been storing and manufacturing some of the products out of its unfathomable line of inventory and is directly competing with the players who are selling on its website. Amazon and Alibaba both have cloud services, although the cloud services of Amazon are much bigger than Alibaba. Lastly, Amazon believes in innovation while Alibaba focuses on growing and expanding the business by helping small businesses (Gupte, 2018) Geographical Focus As explained earlier that Amazon has base in almost 12 countries and ships product to approx. 180 countries. Whereas, in case of Alibaba, the biggest market is China, from where it extracts almost 80% of its sales. Thus on one hand is Amazon which is focussing on all the possible business location to spread its business and push the envelope of services, Alibaba is focussing mostly in the Asian market (Lorenzo, 2017) Product Sales Alibabas revenue in the year 2016 soared to a new high; this new record can be contributed to the zeal of Chinese buyers, who have been buying almost everything online. Alibaba saw an increase of 56% in its revenue to reach 22.96 Billion USD. The increasing revenue does not necessarily means that the company is in profit; it reported a loss of 9.9 billion Yuan, approximately more than double from last year (Baba, 2016) The Company though increased the number of consumers on its platform and has added few more Asian countries as a part of its momentum regime. The company has also exceled at its cloud services, adding more than 500 million new customers (Kaplan Montiel, 2016) Amazon made revenue of 136 Billion USD and despite making losses in the new markets such as India, the company is steadily moving into a profit zone. The goods sold on the website have been increased by a margin of 30% and a considerable number of buyers have also increased (Rossman, 2016). Amazon web services can also be seen as a pillar of strength for Amazon; it has been spinning money for the company and is the largest player in cloud services. However, if the number of product sales have to be seen, Amazon has not yet disclosed the number of product which is sold in the year 2016, however revenue wise the company is much ahead of Alibaba(Yenni, Pan Cui,2017) Service and Fee revenues Both Amazon and Alibaba work on a commission model, they charge the sellers for every transaction which happens through their website. ALibaba despite charging commission to the sellers also earns revenue through Google ads. On the other hand, Amazon earns its revenue only from sellers commission and by selling its own good on the website (Chen, 2014) ALibaba charges somewhere between 3-5% as commission fee, whereas in case of Amazon the commission ranges somewhere between 6% to 20%. Hence, it can be said that Amazon makes more money in comparison to Alibaba, which is then further utilized in improving its customer service (Khammuang, 2015) Road Ahead There are no two doubts that it is a matter of time when both these giants will clash head on. Alibaba dominates the China market and Amazon is the undisputed market leader in the USA. Both the companies have created economies of scale and are consistently moving ahead. Jack Ma in recent interview has shared his views about investing in the US market; this could pose a serious threat to Amazon. Alibaba has a very scalable business model and with its paced momentum, it would be really interesting to see what happens in the future. As of now, Amazon leads the market at all front, plus its excellent customer services and customer centric approach wins the heart of its each and every customer (Etemad, 2017) Gaining competitive advantage In one of the recent interviews in 2017, Jeff Bezos said that if one has to understand how to learn and work with people, they actually have to start working with them, and not for them. Amazon is so exclusive with its data analytics and social listening that it is impossible for the company to miss any piece of relevant information (Belavina, Girotra Kabra, 2016). Good or bad, Amazon analyses the root of the problem and makes a point that it never happens again. However there are certain things which have helped Amazon in gaining a competitive advantage because of its business activity (Nwogugu, 2015) Adaptability-Amazon is always adapting to the changing business environment and the technology. It is way ahead of the curve and never misses on any radical innovation which can drastically improve its business operation and customer satisfaction. Hence, evolution has been a key factor of Amazon success (Chopra, 2016) Strategy- Amazon has been spot on with almost all its strategic moves, expanding to the Asian market, investing sizable assets In the developing economies, its consumer oriented vision and strategies, Amazons exclusive products(Alexa) are some of the examples of its well-crafted strategy. The company channels all of its efforts both through online and offline tools and leverages the same for the customers advantage. Cost leadership has been always the strategy of Amazon, its tries hard to negotiate with the sellers so that the buyers get the lowest possible price for the product. It has been leader owing to its cost leadership strategy. Further combined with customer focus approach does the wonder for the e-commerce giant. The potential of Amazon is possibly limitless, it is in the world to create a disruption and change for the good (Oreskovic, 2016) Challenges Faced by Amazon-Trading internationally As mentioned earlier in the report that Amazon delivers product to more than 1.6 billion people out of the total population of 7 Billion. The company delivers almost too every other country but has a base in only 12-14 countries. Any multinational company while trading has to consider a lot of factors, factors which are really crucial for that particular country or continent. Failing to comply with the legal formalities can lead to abolishment from the said market. Amazon has been facing certain challenges with the China market and few others, owing to the government regulations and China being a closed economy (Tian, 2016). In a bid to understand the challenges which a MNC could face, it is really important to understand the PESTLE framework given by Kotler way back in 90s. PESTLE analysis-Amazon PESTLE analysis is one of the most fundamental model which helps in analysing the macro environment for any organization. The model considers Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors which can change the shape of any business, also very important while trading internationally. Political Factors The business model of Amazon makes it fall under the scrutiny of political influence. This force focuses on the governmental activity and how it could politics can pose a strong challenge for Amazon. The following factors are important in the trading internationally: Political stability of developed countries (Opportunity) Government support towards e-commerce sector (Opportunity Threat) Increasing governmental efforts on cyber security (Opportunity) At the helm of Political instability the company is unable to perform at its best, the company is under the scrutiny of the government which keeps on changing, which can force the company to alter their business model or even exit the country. Amazon benefits strongly from the political stability of the nations. Political stability helps the company to diversify the business and also expand to other developed markets. Markets like US serve beneficial to Amazon as the company has the leverage to open a brick and mortar model to leverage its e-commerce business. In the similar manner, government support towards the e-commerce industry is a big plus point, as there are less restriction and its more like an open economy. This can also be a potential threat because it leads to more players in the industry (Salam, 2016) Economic Factors Amazon business hugely depends upon the economies of the nation and also on the disposable income of the population. Based on the rationale the above points have to be understood: Economic stability of highly developed markets (Opportunity ) Increasing disposable income in developing countries Potential economic recession of China Economic challenges for Amazon can be related to the inflation of the economy, it affect the e-commerce player considerably. At the same time, exchange rate fluctuation, shortage of labour supply can also affect the company and be an obstacle in its growth. An example of the economic factors can be seen from the largest market of India and China. India is a price sensitive market, thus Amazon has to reduce its prices to penetrate the tier 1 and 2 market of India. In the similar manner, it is extremely impossible to succeed in the Chinese market on the basis of Price, it is a proven failed strategy to compete in the Chinese market(Pisano, 2017). Economic stability of the developed nations is a big advantage for Amazon; stable economies bring with itself an economically stable environment, thus benefitting Amazon. In the similar manner it has been seen that the disposable income of people living in the developing nations has been increasing considerably, thus creating opportunity for Amazon. Alibaba has captured around 84% of the online sale in China, Amazon is looking to strengthen its efforts in China, but the outlook of China does not seem that promising, which could possibly alter game plan for Amazon (He, 2015) Socio cultural Factors This is another element of PESTLE, which if not analysed before entering into a new market can become a big challenge for the company. The following points have to be kept in mind as part of socio cultural factors: Increasing wealth disparity(Threat) Increasing consumerism in developing countries (Opportunities) Increasing online buying habits (Opportunity) Increasing wealth disparity for Amazon may create problem for Amazon as the difference between rich and poor will increase a lot, which will create bipolarity in their buying behaviour. Developing markets like Asia are serving a good purpose for Amazon due to increase online activity, smartphone penetration and increasing disposable income, certainly a plus point for Amazon. Increase in disposable income of people in developed and developing nations will further increase the buying at the largest e-commerce website. Technological Factors Technology is another factor which can create possibilities or absolutely rubbish the possibility of Amazon foraying into international waters. Amazons entire business is tech based and hence this factor plays an important role in the following ways for Amazon: Obsolete technology (Threat Opportunity) Increased IT efficiency (Opportunity) Increasing cybercrime (Threat) As the world is progressing at a speed unimaginable, the technology is getting obsolete faster than imagined. This is both an opportunity and threat for Amazon. The company has to stay ahead of the curve and keep reinventing the technology wheel and come up with radical innovation to convert the threat as an opportunity. In the process, the fear of new entrant entering the market would become less. Cybercrime is a threat to all the e-commerce companies, attacks like DDos and Ransom ware can destroy the industry by destroying the faith of the people in the sector. Hence, growing cybercrime is a major threat in the face of Amazon (Kahn, 2018) Legal Factors Amazon has to concur with the legal formalities, requirement and regulation of any nation before it even thinks of venturing into their waters. The following factors have to be considered while evaluating legal fundamentals Increasing product regulation (Opportunity) Ease of import and export regulation(opportunity) The market entry restrictions, fair wages policy and employment laws can create legal challenges for Amazon, thus the company has to abide by the entire legal requirement before even planning to enter a country to expand its business operations. For example, Chinese market is a difficult market to enter because of a number of legal regulations and its policy of promoting the local companies. At the other time, India is a favourable market as the vision of India is to go digital, hence the focus of the government is to provide an environment of sustainability and growth to e-commerce and digital companies(Sindi Roe, 2017). Increasing product regulation for Amazon will benefit the entire e-commerce sector because it will prevent counterfeiting of goods and abolish the poor quality goods from the market. Certain countries have stringent regulation in terms of export and import due to prevention of the interest of their local manufacturers, but in most of the countries, in order to promote trade, the barrier are few, thus creating an opportunity for Amazon. Environmental Factors The company may be an online store but it is affected by the environmental factors as well, the factors which can either strengthen the position of Amazon or doom it for a lifetime, The factors which have to be kept in mind while evaluating this force are: Rising interest in environmental programs (Opportunity) Rising emphasis on business sustainability (Opportunity) Increasing popularity of low carbon cycles (Opportunity) Amazon through its CSR activities can contribute towards the benefit of the environment, the company can itself start using packaging material which is environmental friendly, strengthening its position in the market, and set up a milestone for the competitors to achieve. Business sustainability is in direct co-relation with following good environmental protection processes. The company can achieve business sustainability by complying with the environmental laws and adopting the best practices. Amazon can introduce low carbon cycle processes in its business operations to further give a boost to its position in the nation. These are the factors any company has to consider when trading internationally, all the factors have to be evaluated at the onset of business planning, without the evaluation of these steps the company can get into the gutters. Other challenges faced by Amazon Logistics- Another key challenge at the hand of Amazon is figuring out the right logistic partner for the business operation. In absence of a reliable and trustworthy logistic partner company will not be in a position to live up to the expectation it has set for the customers. Cultural complexities- Cultural complexities are challenging when selling overseas, the company has to be well aware of its target customers, their preference, and the existing completion and so on. People tend to have different behavioural online habits thus it becomes a challenge for the company to have beforehand knowledge about the cultural and the habits of the population. Language barriers and communication styles- Amazon is a MNC based out of USA, the company is truly American in the way it conducts itself, and so is the communication strategy. But the company has to understand the language, the feeling sentiments and emotions of people from different countries in order to deliver a highly contextual integrated marketing campaign; else all the money the company will spend in the marketing will just go down the drain (Crane Matten, 2016) Cost calculation and Global pricing strategy- Every market is different in its composition, structure, norms and protocols, hence it is advised to study each market in depth before entering into it. Pricing is a very crucial factor when it comes to entering into a foreign market. Company has to evaluate the price sensitivity of the market and accordingly set the price of the products. Amazon has attained cost leadership, but in order to achieve success in the Asian markets the company has to further reduce the cost to combat the local manufacturers and players like Flipkart in India and Alibaba in China (Woo, Keith Thornton) Supply chain risks and labour exploitation- Every country has labour protection laws, in certain countries the laws are stringent and in other they are company friendly. Amazon has to understand the problems in advance regarding labour before evaluation a country for growth. Supply chain is a huge contributing factor of success for Amazon, thus it has to ensure it gets the right suppliers on platform, suppliers which are credible and can be trusted to deliver great products with absolute surety. In coalition all these are some of the biggest roadblocks or challenge Amazon has to face while evaluating the idea of trading internationally. Other factors like currency factors, cultural differences, buying behaviour and competition have to be considered while evaluating the chances of business momentum and sustainability. Strategy for Amazon to enhance the business The companys strategy has always been to maximize the benefit of its biggest stakeholders, which in the case of Amazon is Customers. Company uses customer centric strategy to attract the customers and retain them. Another strategy which company uses is to bring innovation in its processes and technology. The company keeps on updating its technology to better suit the needs of the customers and enhance the capability of the company to provide quality products to the customers at lowest price. Hence, it can be said that the overall strategy of the company is the result of its marketing mix or its 7 P analysis. Usage of Data to upsell A lot of e-commerce companies exist in the online, but there are only few who take leverage of the growing platform. Consumers these days have gotten into a habit where there look for products online, either with the intention of buying them later or buy from retail stores. Amazon has to be very cautious and not leave such customers in a rag. They have to remarket the same product they were interested in on all the possible webpages he goes onto, remarketing and retargeting will help Amazon to regain the lost customers and increase its sales. Big data analytics can thus be of great help, analysing and breaking the data into small chain for analysis will help Amazon to take better control of its consumers. Enhanced brand experience for the consumers Amazon is known across the globe for its excellent customer service and customer centric approach, the company is synonymous with trusted delivery of good quality of products. All the mentioned points create a mind map for Amazon. The next step is to ensure that Amazon works on improving the customer experience when they deal with the company, the experience can be improved by addressing the emotions, sentiments and pain points of the customers. The brand experience will further help Amazon to increase customer satisfaction. Focus on the Ansoff Matrix Amazon is one company which uses a number of strategic tools to deploy new strategies in its business model. One such application is the usage of Ansoff matrix. In accordance with the matrix, the company has to focus on product development of Echo and Kindle, these products have the ability to disrupt the entire technology market. Similarly, Amazon has just entered into the Australian market, and presently the response is lukewarm in the region, the company has to speed up its marketing and promotion as a part of its market development plan(Gassmann, 2017). Diversify into cloud based business-Amazon has been doing terrific in its cloud business, Amazon web services is already earning good moolah for the company. Amazon has to continuously think of new ways to leverage the technology for improving the entire spectrum of e-commerce services. The cloud services can be used to drive more content on its Amazon prime services and store a lot of customer data for further analysis. Amazon marketing communications- Amazon has been widely known for its marketing campaigns throughout the year. The company partners with the best media agency which understands the mission and vision of company and together they create some really brilliant marketing campaigns. However a lot of improvement can still be done with the campaigns, for example the company still does not combine all the communication channels in sync to deliver a highly targeted message to its consumers. Amazon Partnership strategy-Amazon is a very smart player, it recognized in its early days of business that if it has to grow, it certainly has to do more than what others have been doing. The company since then went into numerous partnership programs to consolidate its market share in a particular category. It charges renowned publishers for selling their books on the store, because of the partnership strategy. The company has always been careful in making partners, it has to further revisits the strategy and add more partners on the platform to cover a large market share and utilize the existing database. Data driven automation-Data driven automation plays a very key role in the 21st century. Automated search advertising and bidding system have benefitted Amazon a lot. Further the automation can be applied in delivering promotional content to the consumers. Data driven automation gives an opportunity to tweak the content according to the taste and preference of the customers. Focus on Artificial intelligence and machine learning-Artificial intelligence and machine learning are the things of future. Technology companies can exploit the power of machine learning to refine the searches for any customer. Program will automatically update itself after understanding the taste and preference of the customers it realized from the search history. This is definitely going to be a breakthrough in enhancing customer experience. Conclusion Amazon.com was founded in the year 1994 in Seattle by Jeff Bezos, ever since the company has been steadily climbing the charts of success. The strength of Amazon can be owed to its deep rooted customer-centric approach; the company focuses all its strategies and policies in and around the customer. Amazon is one of the very few companies which offer great pride in delivering excellent service to its customers. From the perspective of the report, Amazon weakness lies in not being able to manage its operational and marketing costs; these are the biggest problematic cost centres which Amazon has to take care of currently to earn profits for the company. E-Commerce is touted to grow at a CAGR of 20%, this implies unimaginable propensity for growth at Amazon. Development of the Asian market, ease of government regulation I trade practices are some of the opportunities that Amazon has to take advantage of. Amazon faces threat from a long list of players emerging in the online sector, playe rs who are breaking the market by offering bad quality products, some of them are exceedingly doing well and giving a strong competition to Amazon. As discussed in the earlier section regarding the growth strategy of Amazon, the company should focus on the Ansoff matrix and give impetus to the product development of Alexa and Kindle, in accordance with the market development focus on the Australian and other such markets and in order to penetrate the market, the company has to craft some value based loyalty benefits and price leadership. The company is already a cost leader in most of the markets, especially Asian market, however in accordance with the Porters generic strategies model, slight differentiation in services by the use of Prime, drone services, AWS etc, the company can really capture the sentiments of the market and achieve business momentum The competitive advantage of Amazon can be cited to its excellent customer service, fast deliveries, supplier selection criteria and its marketing communication. The findings of the PESTLE analysis shows that the political instability of the nation can pose a strong challenge to Amazon, in the similar manner, the changing exchange rates, market fluctuation, declining economy are the challenges at the hands of Amazon. Rising labour costs, increased government intervention on the employment laws are further challenges which Amazon has to tackle in the present and the coming future. References Allen, T.J.H. (2015) Competition in E-Commerce: A Competitive Dynamics Perspective. California: Sage Publication. Baba, M.C. (2016) Cost reduction analysis in the online retail as compared to the classic retail.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,8(1), p.141. Belavina, E., Girotra, K. and Kabra, A. (2016) Online grocery retail: Revenue models and environmental impact.Management Science,63(6), pp.1781-1799. Bhatt, A., Patel, A., Chheda, H. and Gawande, K. (2015) Amazon Review Classification and Sentiment Analysis.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,6(6), pp.5107-5110. Chen, L. and Wilson, C (2017) Observing algorithmic marketplaces in-the-wild.ACM SIGecom Exchanges,15(2), pp.34-39. Chen, W (2014)Contextual Innovation and RD Strategy An Analysis of the Competitive Advantage of Social Media Companies in China(Doctoral dissertation, Department of Management and Human Resources, Fisher College of Business). Choi, B., 2017. Corporate Strategy of Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent for Electric Vehicle (EV) Business. , (31), pp.219-250. Chopra, S. (2016) How omni-channel can be the future of retailing.Decision,43(2), pp.135-144. Christin, A. (2015) Web analytics in the workplace: What Amazon and web newsrooms have in commonand where they differ.Impact of Social Sciences Blog. Crane, A. and Matten, D (2016) Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Da Costa, E. (2016)Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Etemad, H. (2017) The emergence of online global market place and the multilayered view of international entrepreneurship.Journal of International Entrepreneurship, pp.1-13. Gassmann, A., 2017.Enhancements of business model researches towards a framework that enables quantified business model comparisons especially in the scope of trend analyses. GRIN Publishing. He, Z. (2015) August. External Environment Analysis of Commercial-use drones. In2015-1st International Symposium on Social Science. Atlantis Press. Kahn, M. (2018) Prospects for Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation among the BRICS Members.BRICS and Global Governance, p.168. Kaplan, J. and Montiel, I (2016) East vs. West Approaches to Reporting Corporate Sustainability Strategies to the World: Corporate Sustainability.Comparative Perspectives on Global Corporate Social Responsibility,49. Khammuang, M. (2015) Strategic Analysis: Alibabas Strategy for the US Market. Kristensen, M., Penner, J., Nguyen, A., Moy, J. and Lam, S. (2017) Company Synopsis for: Amazon. com, Inc. Li, W.S., 2018. Strategic Value Analysis: Value Search. InStrategic Management Accounting(pp. 159-170). Springer, Singapore. Lorenzo, L. (2017) Targeting International Customers in Japanese E-commerce: A Web Content Analysis of the Marketing Mix in Rakuten and Amazon. co. jp. Nwogugu, M.C. (2015) The Case of Alibaba and Cross-Listed Chinese Companies: Enterprise-Risk; Public Policy; Corporate Governance; and a Critique of Third-Generation Prospect Theory and Related Methods. Ojha, C. (2016) A study on the comparative influence of Jack Ma and Jeff Bezos on the employer brand attractiveness of Alibaba. com and Amazon. com(Doctoral dissertation, School of Management and Labour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai). Pisano, G.P., 2017. Toward a prescriptive theory of dynamic capabilities: connecting strategic choice, learning, and competition.Industrial and Corporate Change,26(5), pp.747-762. Rossman, J. (2016)The Amazon Way: 14 Leadership Principles Behind the World's Most Disruptive Company(Vol. 1). Clyde Hill Publishing. Rothaermel, F.T. (2015)Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Salam, M.T. (2016) Devising a Business Model of Amazon's 1995-2004 Journey. Schein, A. (2017) September. TAYLORISM AND AMAZON: SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AT THE WORLD'S MOST SUCCESSFUL RETAIL COMPANY. In10th Annual Conference of the EuroMed Academy of Business. Schmidlin, N.(2014)The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis: A Value Investor's Guide with Real-life Case Studies. John Wiley Sons. Sindi, S. and Roe, M., 2017. Data Analysis for Strategic Supply Chain Management. InStrategic Supply Chain Management(pp. 179-221). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Smith, A.D., Rupp, W.T. and Offodile, O.F (2017) Amazon. com, Inc.: Retailing Giant to High-Tech Player?. Soper, S. (2016) More than 50% of shoppers turn first to Amazon in product search.Bloomberg. September,27, p.40th. SteenkaTechnological Factorsmp, J.B., 2017. Global Brand Building in the Digital Age. InGlobal Brand Strategy(pp. 111-147). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Tian, X. (2016)Managing international business in China. Cambridge University Press. Turban, E., Outland, J., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C. (2017)Electronic Commerce 2018: A Managerial and Social Networks Perspective. Springer. Viswanadham, N. (2017) Performance analysis and design of competitive business models.International Journal of Production Research, pp.1-17. Woo, S.E., Keith, M. and Thornton, M.A. (2015) Amazon Mechanical Turk for industrial and organizational psychology: Advantages, challenges, and practical recommendations.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,8(2), pp.171-179. Yenni, T., Pan, S.L. and Cui, L. (2017) Alibabas Digital Enablement Strategies in Rural China.

The Impact of Premature Financial Liberalisation on Macroeconomic and Financial Stability

Introduction Currently, liberalisation has emerged as a current trend occurring in both developed and developing countries. A country may institute financial liberalisation among its financial institutions due to various reasons. For instance, these countries aim at accelerating the growth and development of domestic financial markets and institutions to achieve efficiency in the allocation of domestic capital and ensuring equitable sharing of individual risks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Premature Financial Liberalisation on Macroeconomic and Financial Stability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, while allowing financial liberalisation, most developing countries aimed at attracting developed countries and investors to pump capital into their economy; hence, financing higher growth coupled with investment (Bodie, Kane Marcus 2005). Insurance against aggregate shocks and reduction of consumption volatility was also another conventional view that led to countries adopting the concept of financial liberalisation. However, researchers and scholars have proved the aspects and conventional views on financial liberalisation as inappropriate elements. The latest financial and economic crisis that rocked the world in 2008 called for re-examination of the need to implement financial liberalisation. However, this aspect does not mean that financial liberalisation does not have some benefits attached to it. A number of studies carried out demonstrated that financial liberalisation could initiate growth among financial markets and organisations (Fry 1995). For instance, financial liberalisation may call for a positive effect on growth rates, due to increment in the level of interest rates. Elimination of controls on interest rates and their upwards movement can stimulate a higher level of savings. At this point, an assumption is made that higher interest rates would increas e financial intermediation. In response to financial liberalisation, economic development can be fostered due to changes in quality and the quantity of investment (Nier 2009).The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of premature financial liberalisation on microeconomics and financial stability of an economy. Impacts on macroeconomics and financial stability Effects on rate of savings and investment One of the roles of liberalisation is to remove rigidity in the control of rates of exchange and rates of interest, compulsory allocation of credits from banks, and quantitative limitations in credit given to the private sector by banking institutions. These aspects were part of the common practices among developing countries, hence causing inefficiencies that resulted into low direct investment. Current studies and evidence established shows that high rates of interest and financial depths due to financial liberalisation does not exclusively lead to increased savings and investmen t.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most developing countries, financial reforms due to liberalisation lead a decrement in savings. Financial reforms adopted thereafter lead to the relation of credit constraints, thus increment in the alternatives available for borrowing, hence decreasing private savings. For instance, it was noted that financial reforms due to liberalisation led to decreased rate of savings in France, though there was a reversal on the negative perception between rates of interest and savings. This was the same case with the United Kingdom, while further research revealed significant explanations on the evolution of savings. While some countries depicted a negative trend in private savings due to financial liberalisation, Chile was one of the countries where liberalisation had a positive contribution as it led to an increment in the country’s rate of growth. Inadequate financial stabilisation measures Countries should be warned against premature implementation of financial reforms due to liberalisation. This assertion means that there should be a careful evaluation of the reform to ascertain its benefits and disadvantages to the economy (Corrado Jordan 2005). Due to controversies that lie behind financial liberalisation, all countries should scrutinise a reform thoroughly before implementation, as the outcome may not be desirable. However, economists have asserted that financial liberalisation has risks attached to it, and thus it should be evaluated carefully to enjoy its benefits. For instance, excessive and rapid financial reforms are not desirable for they lead to credits that are difficult to sustain and increment of activities that lead to financial crises in an economy (Fry 1995). In the absence of relevant and adequate measures or regulations, risks obtained increase significantly, hence affecting both banking instit utions and capital markets. Close link between financial institution crisis and liberalisation is another sign of increased fragility nature of financial systems (Corrado Jordan 2005). From the survey carried out by researchers on the banking crisis that took place from 1980 to 1995, it was evident that a crisis is more likely to occur within a financially liberalised economy. The study was carried out on 53 developed and developing countries. Findings stated that in the process of initiating financial reforms due to liberalisation, domestic banks are subject or exposed to external shocks especially where the system of banking is not developed sufficiently. However, banking crisis could be due to extremely high growth especially in the countries where there are imperfections in the credit market. Effects on banks and other financial institutions In a developing country, financial liberalisation can yield negative results if not evaluated keenly before implementation for the existen ce of poor supervision of institutions and inefficient sectors accompanied with poor governance create loopholes for arbitrage and other uneconomical practices (Corrado Jordan 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Premature Financial Liberalisation on Macroeconomic and Financial Stability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Following financial liberalisation, there will be the establishment and mushrooming of banks, which tend to purchase foreign currencies at lower rates than the officially stipulated rates (Toporowski 2005).They later resell the foreign currencies to other forex exchange bureaus to make substantial returns. The short-term arbitrage activities lead to poor closing balances and financial performance, as there are restricted towards lending to the private sector. This scenario leads to the rise of systematic risk in the banking sector with some banks landing into liquidation due to f inancial distress. Various macroeconomics variables are significantly sensitive to policies and reforms connected to financial liberalisation (Toporowski 2005). They tend to depict a significant difference in their performance before and after the implementation of financial liberalisation. These variables include the real gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, and national savings. However, there may be insignificant or no effect at all on the rate of inflation and the country’s financial depth. With disregard to many controversies surrounding financial liberalisation, some researchers affirm that there are advantages behind it; for instance, it has been argued that financial liberalisation and integration helps in improving functionality of various financial systems and institutions. This aspect results into increased funds as well as their availability. In addition, when countries are allowed to trade across borders, there is a tendency to diversify and spread risks over a wide region (Helleiner Pagliari 2010). For instance, researchers note that most international capital market can channel their savings to most productive utilisation without restriction on location. Others also argue that due to financial liberalisation, accountability and transparency improve. When investors place their money in foreign companies, they tend to be cautious; therefore, placing extreme emphasis on the accountability of their funds. Companies are required to submit regular reports on the usage of funds to the investors, which leads to the reduction in the adverse selection of a country and multinationals to invest. In addition, moral hazards will be curtailed since the immoral practices will be defaulted by accountability, hence reducing liquidity problems in the market. Moreover, the authorities in charge of international capital market help to discipline formulators of economic policies who may have malicious attempts of boycotting and exploiting the do mestic capital market. With many studies carried out in relation to impacts of financial liberalisation, a majority of them have not helped in resolving a conflict that exists between those supporting financial liberalisation and those against it as a stimulator of economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transparency and accountability Although financial liberalisation stipulates measures that ensure transparency and accountability of funds in an economy, the measures suffer shortcomings largely (Shelagh 2005). For instance, they are not a true reflection of the extent of openness of capital accounts of various countries, which could be the reason for they are based on various restrictions in relation to exchanges and foreign transactions. Measures stipulated may not be effective in capturing the required degree of stringent capital controls, hence being subject to change especially where legal restrictions are not changed. Moreover, the regulations fail to show actual integration of a financial status of an economy into the international capital market (Stiglitz Uy 1996).This move leads to the inability to stop the inflow of speculative capital as experienced by some economies such as that of China. Impact on capital flows According to neoclassic economists, capital flows due to l iberalisation result to drain of capital from some economies. For instance, rich countries have a notion that they are rich; consequently, they pump most of their capital into poor economies. They do so for the poor economies return higher capital to the investor as compared to the amount invested initially (Goonatilake Herath 2007). However, this aspect is a dangerous speculation especially when investing in a developing economy. These economies have poor structures and thus incur huge losses where investments occur blindly. Capital inflows to poor economies serve as a complement for the limited resources and savings done domestically (Goonatilake Herath 2007). However, it leads to reduction in the cost of capital, which leads to increased investment. In addition, increased funding leads to acquisition of technology in excess, and thus an improvement of the management coupled with other functions performed by an organisation. This element also results to the flow of advanced expe rtise from advanced economies (Lewis Misen 2000). Sharing of risks is a way though which specialisation propagates within a liberalised economy, which in turn fosters development and growth within a domestic financial sector and the overall economy. This scenario is the case as financial liberalisation imposes different disciplines in relation to policies regarding macroeconomics, hence stable policies. However, researchers have expressed some challenging issues in defining the relationship between capital flow due to liberalisation and growth depicted. However, without careful scrutiny, this problem can hardly be recognised, especially when one solely relies on data generated through macroeconomics (Mishkin 2001). The reason behind this assertion is that strong statements on financial liberalisation can hardly be made without reliance on micro or macroeconomics data utilised in the study. Volatility of outputs Financial liberalisation has various effects on volatility of outputs. Due to financial liberalisation, poor countries are in a position to adopt diversification in various production sectors that mostly rely on agriculture or natural resources. However, diversification tends to reduce macroeconomic volatility ultimately. Countries with such economies tend to be exposed to industry specific shocks due to specialisation gained in the advanced stages of development (Mishkin 2001). Based on comparative considerations, trade and financial integration can allow enhanced specialisation, thus leading to the problem stated above. The concept of macroeconomic volatility makes such a strong prediction on the relationship between volatility of consumption and financial integration. According to the consumer’s theory, both consumers and the entire economy are risk averse (Dick 2009, 150). However, the theory recommends that consumers should utilise financial markets in insurance against risks related to incomes to sooth the effects of fluctuations in the gr owth of incomes. This aspect is vital because ultimately, the rate of consumption is highly dependent on the growth rate of incomes. There exist various benefits in relation to sharing risks on an international platform (Goonatilake Herath 2007). For instance, some macroeconomics policies are meant to stabilise or reduce volatility arising from consumption. In addition, they can have significant benefits to the economy, however minimal they could be. Higher volatility depicted by developing countries as opposed to developed ones indicates a potentiality to reap more benefits from international arrangements concerning sharing risks (Stiglitz Uy 1996). Financial reforms concerning capital play a crucial role in curbing financial crises. However, premature financial liberalisation can cause various financial crises especially among emerging economies and young markets. While these crises attract significant attention from researchers, there is little literature to support their findi ngs. Both output and consumption volatility have been on the downwards trend recently among developing economies and emerging markets (Toporowski 2010). Impacts on consumption In relation to consumption, there exist predictions that financial liberalisation can lead to transnational movement of macroeconomics aggregates. However, the nature of shocks and specialisation determine the effect of financial integration among countries. Theoretically, the integration of a country’s financial system should lead to stronger cross movement of consumption patterns and growth among countries. However, this element should not denote a correlation between incomes and output (Lewis Misen 2000). Premature adoption of financial liberalisation can attract various reactions, which depend on whether a country is economically stable or not in terms of capital endowment. However, countries should be careful since some impacts of financial liberalisation are transitory for they are not flexible, hence not subject to change. Increased accumulation of capital due to financial liberalisation leads to an increment in the rate of consumption at all seasons, which leads to a rise in wages leading to a decrease in the rate of returns on savings. However, the first generation after pioneers do not benefit from high wages, while at the same time experience the bad effects due to a decline in the rate of savings (Fry 1995). Moreover, the effect is accompanied by an increment in the rate of consumption that can hardly be eliminated. During the first period after implementation of liberalisation, consumption keeps on the rise unless it is curbed through an increment in wage savings. If no measures are put in place to curb this menace, consumption will always remain higher than the period before financial liberalisation. This point helps to denote a key point as stipulated by the conventional view of implementing financial liberalisation measures. A country can take advantage of develop ment opportunities arising from financial liberalisation. However, this move calls for the presence of efficient and suitable infrastructure to enable right decisions towards remaining steady or moving towards financial liberalisation. Effects on foreign and domestic debts Premature financial liberalisation can lead to additional debts, hence instability of the economy. This scenario arises when enforcement of foreign and domestic debts occur concurrently, which means that enforcement of domestic debts leads to enforcement of the foreign ones. This aspect arises from the inability to discriminate; therefore, countries end up exchanging benefits accrued to enforcing domestic debts against the costs associated with acquiring and enforcing foreign debts (Itoh Lapavitsas 1999). In case entrepreneurs default on payment, the effect is on domestic debt, while its impact on consumption depends on the interrelation between foreign and domestic bonds in the entrepreneurs’ portfolios. Ultimately, this scenario leads to inequalities in the treatment of the two types of debts in favour of foreign debts (Mishkin 2001). Conclusion Impacts of financial liberalisation have remained controversial across the world for some of the issues have attracted considerable attention from many researchers and scholars. This paper has attempted to evaluate the impact of premature financial liberalisation on microeconomics and financial stability of any given economy and based on the discussion held above, premature liberalisation depicts both positive and negative impacts in both developed and developing or emerging economies. Reference List Bodie, Z, Kane, A Marcus, A 2005, Essentials of Investments, 6th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. Corrado, C Jordan, Fundamentals of Investments-Valuation and Management, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. Dick, N 2009, Global Financial Crisis: Foreign and Trade Policy Effects, Diane Publishing, New York. Fry, M 1995, Money, Interest and Banking in E conomic Development, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Goonatilake, R Herath, S 2007, ‘The volatility of the stock Market and News’, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, vol.11, pp.53-64 Helleiner, E Pagliari, S 2010, Global Finance in Crisis: The Politics of International  Regulatory Change, Taylor Francis, New York. Itoh, M Lapavitsas, C 1999, Political Economy of Money and Finance, Macmillan, London. Lewis, M Misen, P 2000, Monetary Economics, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mishkin, F 2001, The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 6th edn, Addison Wesley, Boston. Nier, E 2009, Financial Stability Frameworks and the Role of Central Banks, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2009/wp0970.pdf Shelagh, H 2005, Modern Banking, Wiley, Chichester. Stiglitz, J Uy, M 1996, Financial Markets, Public Policy and the East Asian Miracle. Web. Toporowski, J 2005, Theories of Financial Disturbance, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Toporowski, J 2010, Why the World Economy Needs a Financial Crash’ and Other Critical Essays on Finance and Financial Economics, Anthem Press, New York. This essay on The Impact of Premature Financial Liberalisation on Macroeconomic and Financial Stability was written and submitted by user Alec Cain to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Divorce-Practice Questions Essays

Divorce-Practice Questions Essays Divorce-Practice Questions Essay Divorce-Practice Questions Essay Despite minor fluctuations, there was a steady rise in divorce rates in Britain throughout the twentieth century. The figures show a rising divorce rate over the period from 1961 to 1997, although in the 1990s the divorces rate seems to have stabilised at around 13per thousand married people. Therefore it isnt presently increasing. The figure may not appear very high until it is compared with the marriage rate. The statistics show that as divorce has steadied, the decline in first marriages has increased. The lower divorce rate now may be because of the lower marriage rate. If people arent getting married they cant get divorced. According to Joan Chandler, if trends continue, approximately 40% of marriages presently being formed will end in divorce. The proportion of marriages that are remarriages has also been rising. For example, 15% of all marriages in the UK in 1961 were remarriages for one or both partners; by 1996 this figure had risen to approximately 41%. Whichever way the figures are presented, the rise in divorce has been dramatic. The changing attitudes towards divorce have been institutionalised by various changes in the law which have made it much easier to obtain a divorce. After the Second World War, there were major changes made to divorce laws. In 1949 the Legal Aid Act was introduced. This provided financial help for those unable to afford legal costs of a divorce. A major change in the divorce law was the passing of the 1970 Divorce Law Reform Act, which made the only grounds for divorce the irretrievable breakdown of marriage. This went some way to removing the notion of an innocent or guilty partner, and led to a significant increase in the divorce rate, yet the figures were rising prior to this and continued many years after so it cannot be seen as the sole reason. New legislation relating to divorce was introduced at the end of 1984. This reduced the period a couple needed to be married before they could petition for divorce, from three years, to one year. The Family Law Bill of 1996 ended the reliance upon showing that one or both partners were at fault in order to prove that the marriage had broken down. Instead, the partners simply had to assert that the marriage had broken down and undergo a period of reflection to consider whether a reconciliation was possible. Normally this period was one year, but for those with children under 16, or where one spouse asked for more time, the period was eighteen months. Despite a reduction in costs, divorce was still an expensive process during the first half of the twentieth century. It was beyond the means of many of the less wealthy. This was particularly changed by the Legal Aid and Advice Act of 1949 which provided free legal advice and paid solicitors fees for those who could not afford them. The economics of divorce were further eased by the extension of welfare provisions, particularly for single parents with dependant children. Although many consider these provisions far from generous, they do provide single parent families with the means to exist without the support of the second partner. The statistics of divorce rates show that there has been a major increase since new laws were introduced after the Second World War. But the laws were not the sole reason for the increase in divorce. There have been increases in divorce at times when the law was not changed. Hence it is more likely that legal changes reflect other changes in society. Many people have high expectations of marriage, especially young woman through the ideology of romantic love portrayed in teenage magazines. When reality fails to live up to this expectation, one feels let down. This can explain why three quarters of divorces are filed by females. Functionalists like Fletcher as well as Liberal Feminists argue that this simply reflects the higher expectations women have of marriage due to: greater equality, increased opportunities to escape (divorce law changes) and greater financial security through increased job opportunities. Some writers, such as Dennis argue that the family has lost some of its former functions. With no production function, families are only bound together by love. If this is not forthcoming, there is nothing else to keep people together. If Parsons idea of the isolated nuclear family of Young and Willmotts notion of the privatised nuclear family are correct, it may explain the increase in divorce. Families are now more isolated from their wider kin and so their stigma within extended families of divorce may be reduced. Also, if families are isolated from a wide range of kin, without the support provided by extended families this may, as Leach argues, lead to greater emotional tension. There is also now much less social disapproval of divorce. As divorce becomes more normalised, society is more tolerant and understanding to marital breakdown. This can be traced to secularisation in Western society. Less than half of marriages have a religious ceremony now, even among these, few are regular churchgoers. There is no absolute reason for the increase in divorce. Divorce law has simply made it easier, yet it doesnt explain why divorce has increased when there has been no parallel change in the law. Divorce laws are perhaps better seen as a reflection of our attitudes towards divorce and not a cause of it. Legal changes may have allowed more divorced to take place, but they do not explain why more individuals choose to take the option.