Traveling Experiences in Gulliver’s Travels vs. Oronooko :: Jonathan Swift Aphra Behn

Traveling ExperiencesWhile reading both stories of travel and misfortune for these characters several points came to my mind, wondering if other readers mightiness have thought as well as me. Aphra Behn in Oronooko presents the reader with a story of disgrace, but at the same time full of love. She alike lets the reader see a little farther because she gives a lot of description on the characters and the places trying to place the reader in the correct peevishness and spot as she wanted. Oronooko lives a life of pleasure, but after, a moment of change takes place, which will give his life a spin. On the other hand, Jonathan lively in Gullivers Travel presents the reader with a travel narrative in which the main character is experiencing constant emotional changes in which he knows not who he really is and if he wants to return home or not. Both Behn in Oronooko and Swift in Gullivers Travel present the main characters as lost in worlds which are unkno wn to them, looking for acceptance and trying to find who they really are.Oronooko is placed in a terrible situation in which he is deserted from his homeland by his grandfather, the King. This situation makes him face lost because being his only family and betraying him that way had no possible excuse. He was also separate from his love Imoinda whom to which he declared eternal love. Oronooko is then again betrayed and sent as a slave to Surinam. In this occasion this makes him suffer more emotionally because he knows he is not a slave, but as soon as he gets there his name is changed so he does not feel so much a prince and starts feeling more a slave. His life by now seems like it has no sense until he sees Imoinda again and marries her. He might have thought that his life was about to change, but he did not know it would be for the worse. He would soon be father of a sibling and that child would be born a slave because both Oronooko and Imoinda were slaves at the time. He tri es to look for other opportunities to leave that world behind and face for his homeland, but things do not happen as expected.

Biography of Harriet Tubman Essay -- Harriet Tubman Slavery Racism Ess

Biography of Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was born in 1820 on a large plantation in Dorchester County,Maryland. She was the sixth of 11 children. She was born in a verysmall on-room log hut, that was located behind her families owners house. The huthad a dirt floor, no windows, and no furniture. Her fater, BenjaminRoss, and mother, Harriet Green, were both slaves. They were from theAshanti ribe of watt Africa. Edward Brodas, Harriets owner, hired her outas a laborer by the age of five. The buying and selling of humans was a big deal in the States between thelate 1600s and the 1800s. By 1835 there were over two million black men,women, and children who were slaves. These people were bought and sold. Noone cared if husbands and wives got weparated or if children were separatedfrom their parents. Slaves were not case- starkened like people. No one reallycared what happend to them. Harriet was beaten by her masters all the time. They saw as a wild child. One tiem, Harriet saw a bowl filled with lumps of suger and decided to takeone. Harriets mistress, Miss. Susan, saw her take it and started chasingher with a whip. Harriet ran away and hid out with the pigs. She ahd to gobakc, because she was really hungrey. When she went back she got whippedover and over again. She said, nowadays you know, I never had anything good, nosweet, no suger, and that sugar right by me did look so nice. By her early teens, Harriet was no longer allowed to work inside, so shewas hired out as a filed hand. She work very hard and long hours out in thefields. There was no such thing as a rest for slaves. In 1835, Harriet came between her owner and a slave who was running away. The owner threw a lead weight, that weighed 2 punds, at the runaway, but it stunner Harriet instead. the hit put hir in a coma and it took months for her torecover. She never fully recovered from the hit and after that suffered fromblackouts, really bad headaches, and sleeping spe lss for the rest of her demeanor. In 1844, Harriet meet a free black man named John Tubman. They gotmarried, but Harriet was still a slave. They got to stay in his cabin atnight. Harriets owner died and she knew she was acquittance to be sold tosomeone else. She was really afraid of being shipped to the deep south. Thedeep south was the worse p... ...odist Episcopal Zion Church. In 1897, Queen victoria awardedHarriet a silver medal for being so brave. The church cimp permited the hime andit was done by 1908. Harriet got old and sick. She died of pneumonia nMarch 10, 1913. She lived to be 93 years old. Harriet had a hard childhood, but that made her the brave and caringwoman she was. She risked her own life over and over again to free familyand other slaves. harriet spent most of her life working to make life betterfor other people, and she did a really good job at ti. She was a very strongwoman and she didnt let anything get in her way. Harriet Tubman opened up the eyes of white people all over America and told them why slavery was sowrong.WORKS CITEDMerton Dillon, Teh Abolitionists The branch of a dissnting Minority, pg 187David Alder, A story of Young Harriet Tubman, pg 22Mark Buller, Harriet Tubman her Courageous Story, pg 45Free states versus Slave States, The World Book of encyclopedia, pg 475-480Louis Filler, The Crusade Against Slavery 1830-1860, pg 203Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman The Moses of her People, pg 56Tim Hopkinson, Railroad to Freedom pg 142

The Most Compelling Reason for Studying Religion Today is Politics Essa

The Most Compelling Reason for Studying Religion Today For me, the word religion conjures up images of wailing fat ladies dressed in their sunlight best singing at the top of their lungs about the glory of God. Of course, this image make dos from my childhood when I attended the New Testament Church of God in Jamaica every Sunday, rain or shine, with my grandm separate. For her, Church, Christianity and God was a way of life a set of principles she believed in and lived by. For others less convinced, the idea of religion or organism religious is as far fetched as aliens and UFOs. Throughout the centuries, religion has played an important part in shaping the political landscape of to the highest degree modern societies and one reason for studying religion is to understand how and why certain societies developed in the way they did. The church used here in generic terms was often married to the way in which rulers administered laws and punishments. O ften some used the church to swindle people out of their wealth and to come upon their allegiance through fear. While other rulers such as Henry viii manipulated the religious order of the day by breaking away from the Catholic Church and forming a new Church of England so he could marry his mistress. For most, Islam is a way of life which is revered by its followers but concord to Laura Hayes, when the Taliban ruled Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, they controlled 90% of the countrys territory and their policiesincluding their treatment of women and support of terroristsostracized them from the world community. The Taliban considered themselves mujahideen or holy warriors of the Islamic faith.... ...of the people. Religion and politics have come full circle as in todays society there are laws which govern the recognition of a new religion. For example, a legitimate religion has the right to claim tax exemption and must promote the moral and spiritu al welfare of the community. It is my opinion that although there are other reasons for studying religion, the most compelling reason by far is to better understand and cater for the diversity of modern society. Bibliography Atkins, Peter quoted in Poole, Michael. A range to Science and Belief. Lion Publishing.1990 Boeer. M. M. Karl Marxs Interpretation of History. Mason, Claire. New Religious Movements the impact on our lives. White Thompson Publishing Limited.2003 Pfeffer, Leo. Quoted in New Religious Movements the impact on our lives.

Technology in the Mathematics Classroom Essay -- Computer Technology

Technology in the Mathematics ClassroomWhile edition the NCTM summary on Technology, it is to myunderstanding that use of technology is at the teachers discretion.Therefore, the teacher is charged with the function of preparingstudents before venturing into the field of technology. Essentially,students should be adequate to(p) to grasp and understand basic concepts andideas, before intertwining computers or calculators into a lesson tofurther explore the concepts in said lesson.When visit the U.S. Department of Educations issueEducation Technology Plan web rank, I did not find any information onhow technology should or could be integrated with mathematics. Theirentire site was devoted to integrating technology but simply left anopen forum for ideas. Now the ideas submitted by teachers wereinteresting, however, the affaire still remains on whether a teacherfeels that their students are prepared and receptive to integratetechnology with a lesson or idea. I believe a teacher would be less incline to use technology especially given that no ideas have b... Technology in the Mathematics Classroom Essay -- Computer TechnologyTechnology in the Mathematics ClassroomWhile reading the NCTM summary on Technology, it is to myunderstanding that use of technology is at the teachers discretion.Therefore, the teacher is charged with the responsibility of preparingstudents before venturing into the field of technology. Essentially,students should be able to grasp and understand basic concepts andideas, before intertwining computers or calculators into a lesson tofurther explore the concepts in said lesson.When visiting the U.S. Department of Educations NationalEducation Technology Plan website, I did not find any information onhow technology should or could be integrated with mathematics. Theirentire site was devoted to integrating technology but simply left anopen forum for ideas. Now the ideas submitted by teachers wereinteresting, however, the matter stil l remains on whether a teacherfeels that their students are prepared and receptive to integratetechnology with a lesson or idea. I believe a teacher would be lessinclined to use technology especially given that no ideas have b...

Essay - Bridge Between Worlds in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse :: To The Lighthouse Essays

To the beacon light - Bridge Between Worlds   Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse illustrates a bridge between the worlds of the dainty mother and the modern, potentially independent wo art object. The Victorian woman was to be absorbed, as Mrs. Ramsay is, by the task of being mother and wife. Her reason for existing was to complete the man, kind of than to exist in her own right. Mrs. Ramsay certainly sees this role for herself and is disturbed when she feels, momentarily, that she is better than her husband because he needs her support to feel good about himself and the life choices he has made. Yet the end of the Victorian era saw the rise of womens rights and greater freedom for women to excel without men or children. Adrienne Rich, in Of Woman Born, says that To the Lighthouse is about Virginia Woolfs need to understand her own mother and to prove, through the character of Lily Briscoe, that a woman can be independent of men, as Mrs. Ramsay is not (Rich, p. 228). The trauma of this transition from Victorian to modern woman is portended by Mrs. Ramsay herself, at the beginning of the story. In the first chapter, as Mrs. Ramsay defends Charles Tansley against the criticisms of her children, she muses on her desire to protect men and the trustful, childlike, venerating attitude that her protection inspires in men. Woe betide the girl. . . who did not feel the worth of it, and all that it implied, to the marrow of her bones she exclaims to herself, thinking of the way men venerate and admire her. But Woolf shows us that as Mrs. Ramsay admonishes her children for ridiculing Charles Tansley, her daughters could sport with infidel ideas which they had brewed for themselves of a life different from hers. . . not always taking care of some man or other. The issue of the change from one concept of womanhood to another is not as simple as the newer generation revolting against the older at the same time that Mrs. Ramsays daughters hope to be different, they admire and worship their mother for her beauty and power. Prue, the eldest daughter, proudly watches Mrs. Ramsay as she descends the staircase and feels what an extraordinary stroke of luck it was for her Prue, to have her Mrs.

Essay - Bridge Between Worlds in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse :: To The Lighthouse Essays

To the beacon - Bridge Between Worlds   Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse illustrates a bridge between the worlds of the victorian mother and the modern, potentially independent wo spell. The Victorian woman was to be absorbed, as Mrs. Ramsay is, by the task of being mother and wife. Her reason for existing was to complete the man, or else than to exist in her own right. Mrs. Ramsay certainly sees this role for herself and is disturbed when she feels, momentarily, that she is better than her husband because he needs her support to feel good about himself and the tone choices he has made. Yet the end of the Victorian era saw the rise of womens rights and greater freedom for women to excel without men or children. Adrienne Rich, in Of Woman Born, says that To the Lighthouse is about Virginia Woolfs need to understand her own mother and to prove, through the character of Lily Briscoe, that a woman can be independent of men, as Mrs. Ramsay is not (Rich, p. 228). The injury of this transition from Victorian to modern woman is portended by Mrs. Ramsay herself, at the beginning of the story. In the first chapter, as Mrs. Ramsay defends Charles Tansley against the criticisms of her children, she muses on her desire to protect men and the trustful, childlike, reverential attitude that her protection inspires in men. Woe betide the girl. . . who did not feel the worth of it, and all that it implied, to the marrow of her bones she exclaims to herself, thinking of the way men approve and admire her. But Woolf shows us that as Mrs. Ramsay admonishes her children for ridiculing Charles Tansley, her daughters could sport with infidel ideas which they had brewed for themselves of a life different from hers. . . not always taking care of some man or other. The issue of the change from one concept of womanhood to another is not as simple as the newer generation revolting against the older at the same time that Mrs. Ramsays daughters hope to be different, they a dmire and worship their mother for her beauty and power. Prue, the eldest daughter, proudly watches Mrs. Ramsay as she descends the staircase and feels what an extraordinary stroke of fact it was for her Prue, to have her Mrs.

Major Themes of the Novel Things Fall Apart

Introduction For many writers, the theme of a novel is the capricious force of the book during its creation. Even if the author doesnt consciously identify an intended theme, the creative suffice is directed by at least champion domineering idea a concept or principle or belief or purpose significant to the author. The theme often several themes guides the author by controlling where the story goes, what the characters do, what mood is portrayed, what style evolves, and what emotional effects the story will create in the reader.Igbo Society Complexity From Achebes own statements, we know that one of his themes is the complexity of Igbo society before the arrival of the Europeans. To support this theme, he includes detailed descriptions of the justice codes and the trial process, the social and family rituals, the marriage customs, food production and preparation processes, the process of share leadership for the community, religious beliefs and practices, and the opportunit ies for virtually every man to climb the clans ladder of success through his own efforts.The book may live been indite more simply as a study of Okonkwos deterioration in character in an increasingly unsympathetic and incompatible environment, but consider what would have been lost had Achebe not emphasized the theme of the complex and dynamic qualities of the Igbo in Umuofia. Clash of Cultures Against Achebes theme of Igbo cultural complexity is his theme of the clash of cultures.This collision of cultures occurs at the individual and societal levels, and the cultural misunderstanding cuts both ways Just as the uncompromising Reverend Smith views Africans as heathens, the Igbo initially criticize the Christians and the missionaries as foolish. For Achebe, the Africans misperceptions of themselves and of Europeans need realignment as much as do the misperceptions of Africans by the West. Writing as an African who had been Europeanized, Achebe wroteThings Fall Apartas an act of at onement with his past, the ritual return and homage of a prodigal on. By his own act, he encourages other Africans, especially ones with Western educations, to realize that they may misperceive their native culture. wad Related to the theme of cultural clash is the issue of how much the flexibility or the rigidity of the characters (and by implication, of the British and Igbo) contribute to their destiny. Because of Okonkwos inflexible nature, he seems bandaged for self-destruction, even before the arrival of the European colonizers. The arrival of a recent culture only hastens Okonkwos tragic fate.Two other characters contrast with Okonkwo in this regard Mr. Brown, the starting time missionary, and Obierika, Okonkwos good friend. Whereas Okonkwo is an unyielding man of action, the other two are more open and universal men of thought. Mr. Brown wins converts by first respecting the traditions and beliefs of the Igbo and subsequently allowing nearly accommodation in the conver sion process. Like Brown, Obierika is too a reasonable and thinking person. He does not advocate the use of force to counter the colonizers and the opposition.Rather, he has an open mind about changing values and foreign culture Who knows what may happen tomorrow? he comments about the arrival of foreigners. Obierikas receptive and adaptable nature may be more representative of the spirit of Umuofia than Okonkwos unquestioning rigidity. For example, consider Umuofias initial lack of resistance to the establishment of a new organized religion in its midst. With all its deep roots in tribal heritage, the community hardly takes a stand against the intruders against new laws as well as new religion.What accounts for this lack of community opposition? Was Igbo society more receptive and adaptable than it appeared to be? The lack of strong initial resistance may also semen from the fact that the Igbo society does not foster strong central leadership. This quality encourages individual initiative toward recognition and achievement but also limits timely decision-making and the authority-backed actions mandatory on short notice to maintain its integrity and welfare.Whatever the reason perhaps a combination of these reasons the British culture and its code of behavior, ambitious for its goals of native erudition as well as of British self-enrichment, begin to encroach upon the existing Igbo culture and its corresponding code of behavior. A factor that hastens the decline of the traditional Igbo society is their custom of marginalizing slightly of their people allowing the existence of an outcast group and keeping women subservient in their household and community involvement, treating them as property, and accepting physical nuisance of them somewhat lightly.When representatives of a foreign culture (beginning with Christian missionaries) enter Igbo territory and accept these marginalized people including the twins at their full human value, the Igbos tradi tional shared leadership finds itself unable to control its whole population. The lack of a clear, sustaining center of authority in Igbo society may be the quality that decided Achebe to croak his title from the Yeats poem, The Second Coming. The key phrase of the poems reads, Things fall apart the center cannot hold. Underlying the aforementioned cultural themes is a theme offate, or destiny.This theme is also played at the individual and societal levels. In the story, readers are frequently reminded about this theme in references tochi, the individuals personal god as well as his ultimate capability and destiny. Okonkwo, at his best, feels that hischisupports his ambition When a man says yes, his chi says yes also (Chapter 4). At his worst, Okonkwo feels that his chi has let him down His chi was not made for great things. A man could not rise beyond the destiny of his chi. .. .Here was a man whose chi said nay disdain his own affirmation (Chapter 14).At the societal level, th e Igbos lack of a unifying self-image and centralized leadership as well as their weakness in the treatment of some of their own people both previously discussed suggest the inevitable fate of becoming victim to colonization by a power eager to function its resources. In addition to the three themes discussed in this essay, the thoughtful reader will probably be able to identify other themes in the novel for example, the universality of human motives and emotions across cultures and time, and the need for balance between individual needs and community needs.

Comparing two openings of Lord of the flies and Great expectations Essay

It is important that the opening of a book should be able to entice the reader to carry on and tag the reader to finish the book through and an exciting or a mysterious opening that will encourage the reader to find out what would hazard next. I find that Charles Dickens opening for ample Expectations had to be exciting and dramatic because he sold his chapters in weekly issued magazines which meant that if the opening issue wasnt exciting enough for the reader, he or she would not buy any more issues of Dickens.In Great Expectations, we are introduced to the main character strap. This is because the figment is told in the first person. We are semi-introduced to the convict halfway through the chapter. I feel that Dickens makes the child (Pip) believable by showing his innocence through his speech and dialogue Also Georgina I feel that this quote shows hes not old enough not to add the word a the like in front of a name on a gravestone. An opposite good example of making Pip m ore believable is when he describes the coming into court of the convict soaked in water, and smothitherd in mud, and lamed by stonesThe repetition of the word and makes the speech more familiar to what a child would say when he or she gets excited or scared of something. Dickens withal makes the convict believable by the use of dialect, appearance and actions he makes the convict use during his line up with Pip at the graveyard. Give it mouth this quote shows that the dialogue is quite authentic or colloquial. Dickens also shows how the convict frightens Pip as he tilted him lower until he boldnessed most powerfully pour down into mine This could create fear for Pip and also invites the consultation to feel sorry for Pip and hopefully wanting to know what happens next.The convicts appearance is quite detailed and quite believable all in coarse gray, with a striking iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. This quote s hows that from his clothes and the great iron on his leg, it is quite clear that the convict has escaped from prison with difficulty coming across the plains. The convicts actions are also portrayed quite surface from the dip and roll to hugging his shuddered body. It shows that although the convict is very fearful to Pip, I think that there is a more softer side to the convict receivable to the way as he tried to hold himself together by clasping himself.In Lord of the Flies, we are introduce to the to mostly the entire too large cast that is on the island like Ralph, Jack and Piggy. Dickens shows Ralph through mostly his actions like when he stood on his head and grinned at Piggy or when he jerked his stockings. These actions show he is very adventurous but at the same time is very decent because during that time, pupils were made to pull their stockings up if they fell down in school. Although he is not in School, I think it is an automatic habit that Ralph pulls up his stock ings. Golding describes Piggy through his speech and dialogue All them other kids This is a good example of why Piggy doesnt fit in on the island. It shows he is a lower class to everybody else due to his grammatic mistakes in his speeches and conversations.His appearance is probably the first reason why he finds life on the island difficult He was shorter than the fair boy and very fatand then looked up through his spectacles The glasses and his weight shows him at a disadvantage because he is unable to do anything active when the boys start to play. Also, he has asthma which nearly makes him immobile other wise if he does active things, he could start suffering because he would be out of breath or his glasses would break leaving him nearly blind for they rest of their stay. Golding puts Jack across to the readers by using his dialogue and appearance.From Jacks dialogue, it shows that he is very commanding and should have been the natural leader Choir Stand still This shows althou gh they are miles away from home, Jack is still able to control his choir. His appearance makes him look quite criminal during the beginning of the story. He had red hair and wore a inglorious coat with a silver cross on the left tit. The red hair could show that he had a fiery temper like when he found out there was no man on the island frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn, to anger. The choir, who were all dressed in black, from a distance they were described as something dark and the creature The colours used were black and red, which could be linked with evil and anger.Images and orbit are used to make the authors idea stronger or to think things in their point of view. The Great Expectations setting shows its secluded shows its secluded, dark and cold and that dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates was the marshes. I think Dickens sets the first setting in a dark churchyard because the reader would start to wonder w hy a small boy is doing in a dark churchyard and would try to find out what happens next. The setting is also made vivid by the way Dickens adds features to the countryside like beacons or batteries which connect with war and destruction making the place too dangerous for Pip to be there. There is a dark atmosphere created in the opening because Dickens wants to give the audience an exciting opening, which will interest his audience.The setting in Lord of the Flies is completely different to Great Expectations. It is set on a tropical island where places like the lagoon show that it is a place, which could be safe for children to swim and play in for example. The island is made into a kind of paradise that could be similar to the tend of Eden where in the beginning it was perfect but human presence made the Garden worse. Although quotes show the island is a paradise, there is still an element of evil on the island with the witch-like cry.The atmosphere in this opening is completel y different. I feel that there is a more celebratory atmosphere created here because there are no parents to supervise them and they could do anything they want. Also, they are away from any signs of war or conflict with another country because this story was set during the frore war. Although there are signs when the atmosphere will change like when Ralph becomes the surprise leader when it should have naturally gone to Jack. We are able to maven a bit of Jacks anger and the freckles on Jacks face disappeared under a blush of mortificationGolding shows this is not another risk story because of differences on the island where Jack, the obvious choice for leader, wasnt chosen to be the leader but Ralph was. Disagreements could lead from Jack modifying Ralphs rules and creating his own group or tribe the Hunters.Dickens also doesnt give away the plot but it is possible that Pip will find himself in trouble later on stealing the food and the file.I felt that Lord of the Flies has succeeded in persuading me to carry on reading it because of the way it is able to combine good characters with a good setting. I also find that it is able to give the story on two levels, in a literal story level and also a moral level showing us an examination of evil within human nature in the form of the small group of itsy-bitsy boys. I also found Great Expectations has also succeeded in persuading me to read on because of good characters and vivid descriptions of actions. There is also a slight sense of humour added to the story as well.

Psychosexual Theory

Evaluate the extent to which Freuds possible action of psycho braceual study can help us to understand a thickenings presenting issue? Psycho versed Development Theory The meaning of the psychosexual theory has zippo to do with sexuality or sex in equipment casualty of reproduction, but is referred to in meaning as allthing that gives pleasure to the body such as a hug, taste, solid food, this is according to Freud. Freud believed that early childhood has an effect on the future life of person there ar five spirit levels he believed that a person went done physiologically and psychologically.The physiology is ground on human instinct to survive, the psychology is the emotional/mental interpretation of the act and the pleasure that it provides. This was the birth of psychodynamics the link amidst physiology and psychology, the want behind the demean oral examination action. Freuds psychosexual theory is based on child development from birth through to adult hood. The b rain is the association between the physiological developments cr giveion linked to the psychological development in early childhood.The archetypal stage is set at birth to 18 months, it is the viva voce stage, this battlefield is based on the rima oris and the need to eat to survive also coupled with the pleasure that follows through with taste, this is instigated by breasting feeding. Babies enjoy breasting feeding it is soothing, it feels good and it tastes good, this is the first pleasure that babies necessitate. This stage focuses on the m egressh as babies learn through taste they put things in their mouths to learn. It is at this stage that a child learns that the mouth gives instant pleasure through taste and that food gives pleasure.Following the oral stage is the anal stage which is based on the anus this stage normally occurs around 18 months to three years old. This stage is based on control, this is the control of the bowels being able to control when and where t o excrete. The pleasure principle here is based around dope training, the fury placed on the child to control when they need to release themselves and the parent displaying expectation on the suitability and necessity of having control oer the bowels and taking ownership of actions based around potty training.Depending on how this is executed the developing child will learn the control factor and get pleasure for being able to exercise their control over this. Stage three is the phallic stage this is from ages 3-5, at this stage the child starts to realise that there is a distinction between boys and girls it is here that the developing child sees a difference in their genitals relating to the parent from the turnaround sex. Females start to become sensible that they dont have a penis and sense there is a difference in terms of strength between men and women.Males start to become aware that they are strong and have a sense of protection regarding their get under ones skin. Th is can be understood in terms that girls seek protection from their fathers and see their mother as a rival and this follows in reverse regarding sons and mothers. Stage four from ages 5 to adolescence is latency it is the lull stage where nothing further happens in terms of development in the psychosexual theory. Stage five genital stage this is the adult sexual phase, this is where the developing person experiences sex, romance, love, crushes and friendships.The relationship of the five stages manifested through to maturity is as follows. During the oral stage should there be a disruption such as feeding was unsuccessful or issues to do with health pertaining to the oral area then it would manifest through the various(prenominal)s doings resulting in direct issues regarding the mouth. The conflict here is weaning the child off the breast towards solid foods, if this process is march onled in a less satisfying way towards the developing child, the outcome can be an anxiety lead habitual acts.This could result in grind pencils, thumb sucking, gum chewing, smoking, over eating, not necessarily in an order but the idea is if an individual becomes fixated in the oral stage they may have some anxiety that would be displayed in one of the above actions. This stems from the idea that the individual was not breast feed enough or there was a disruption of some kind relating to feeding or weaning was unsuccessful and caused issues with feeding, due to this need not being met as an infant the need manifests itself in some other demeanoral type.The anal stage relates to control and is the stage where the concept of potty training was either successful or not, resulting in the individual being either anal retentive meaning up tight and rigid when it comes to neatness and organisation. This is the idea that the individual enjoyed their potty training. On the other hand depending on how the training was administered. For if the child was not forth coming in their pott y training or the training was not handled ppropriately or was very lento going and care free, the idea is that the individual would be disorganised, messy and have possible anxiety with anything to do with passing bowel movements. The phallic stage relates to relationships with the opposite sex through the apprehension of the relationship between the individual and the parent of the opposite sex. This is the origins for the Oedipus and Electra hard stage. Boys tend to want to protect their mothers and come into conflict with their fathers as a means to assert themselves. Girls seek the protection of their fathers while they rival with their mothers for his attention.The child suspects that the same sex parent knows about their attraction towards the opposite sex and hates them for it. The latency stage is the stage of pure childish playfulness, there is no pleasure factor here but child growth such as school, play, fun and basic child features. The focus is on interacting and ta king in their surroundings. This is based on repression driving from the stage prior to this one, because of the awareness but the omit of knowledge about the differences between male and females, the child tends to repress any thoughts feelings or concerns and so begins the latency stage.The genital stage is the sexuality process and the denudation of pleasure through the genitals, at this stage boys begin to masturbate and for some this can be uncontrollable. It is not uncommon for parents to reprimand a child for being caught too often with their hands down their pants. And the threats of castration are common to try and deter the boy from such impulsive acts. For girls the suspicion is based on their sexual development in terms of their physical being, breasts grow and the female form effects mannikin.In this way, and for such reason, the childs feelings on the subject of his relationship with his parents, and their military strength towards his body and its future, may bec ome divided. What Freud Really Said An Introduction to His Life and Thought 1965 David Stafford-Clark Hachette Digital Location 1254 This theory is Freuds theory and although it has come into must(prenominal) dispute and criticism it is a theory that may not necessarily be utilised to its fullness however not completely disregarded. The ID the Ego and the Superego These stages are portioned and governed by three powers of the mind that Freud believed to be within everyone.The ID described as the self, instinctual and primitive, the Ego understood as the mediator, intelligent and sensible, and the Super Ego acts as the moral sense it is institutional and ensures ethical actions. The ID which is known as the pleasure principle the, I want, I need is the driving factor towards getting our needs met, this is the selfish mood which informs us that we are hungry, lonely, sick. This factor has no relevance in the how are these needs to be met, but rather in the fact that these needs are present and need to be fulfilled.The Ego facilitates the needs of the ID ensuring that it is in line with reality and acceptable to fulfil those needs that the ID manifests, the ID creates the desire and the Ego works out how to get the desires met in balance with society and appropriateness. The Super Ego is the conscience the moral side of the mind, it ensures that the morality is in place throughout the drive from the IDs desire to the Egos will to get the desires met in accordance to appropriateness, the Super Ego balances the morality and acts as a reminder that behaviour should be managed in a moral standing.This is the Freud analogy of the human mind and how it is motivated and managed by the individual. The oral stage is governed by the ID as this is the immediate survival stage such as feeding, then the Ego which develops during the oral stage which leads on to the next stage. By the anal stage the superego has develop hence the control over bowel movements and the potty tr aining by a parent who may install certain values as to why big boys and girls use the toilet. By this stage the personality has now come into form.The main criticism of these theories are that it has never been experimented or deemed true by means of observation, it is all Freuds ideas and thoughts on how the human psyche works, there is no evidence to prove it right or otherwise. The link between the psychosexual theory and adult neurotic behaviour Freud believed that any sign of neuroses stemmed from childhood, of which would indicate that there was a disruption or conflict during one of the five psychosexual stages.This basically links the idea that there was an issue of some kind during childhood and this issue has caused a lasting unwelcome effect on the future wellbeing of an individual. The disruption would take the form of some kind of conflict, during one or more of the psychosexual stages, which could lead to a behavioural transference neuroses or narcissistic neuroses. D ue to Freuds theory on the ID Ego and Superego the relationship between the three mind concepts is crucial to how the disruption or conflict was handled during the development of the psychosexual stages.Due to this concept Freud based his belief on neuroses being related to a particular trauma suffered during childhood. The psychosexual stages are guides to pinpoint the particular issue giving it a shape and a link to assist in brain certain behaviours and the possible reasons behind them. Applying the Psychosexual theory to the presenting issue The idea is to link the presenting physiological behaviour to childhood growth of where there would have been a possible disruption or conflict.So a client with abandonment issues who has a tendency to over eat to the point where it is damaging to both their physical and mental health. The psychosexual link would lead towards their oral stage, suggesting that from birth to 18 months the transitioning from breast feeding to solid food was un successful or held some form of conflict or disruption. The idea is that because the client has an eating disorder coupled with feelings of abandonment suggests that they are fixated within the oral stage. This would be a basis to first understand the client and their issue from an open point of view.Freuds psychosexual theories have never been tested so to apply it in full would be irresponsible to say the least. Ethically the use of the psychosexual theory is not always recommended for it holds a lot of emphasis on a sexual related basis. However because it holds a possible understanding for which to build rapport and get to a level of understanding with a client, it should not be totally ruled out. The psychosexual theory can be used to understand a client but to the extent that it offers an understanding towards the presenting issue, however this could not be the case with every client.As Freuds theories were limited to certain classes and groups of nation, the ramifications m ay be similar in respect to other classes and groups of people but they may differ completely. Due to cultural difference and ethnic origin coupled with tradition and religion from the vast amounts of different people in the world. The childhood growth from one individual to another could be very different, whereas culturally in some areas of the world breastfeeding can last up until a child is 5 years old. How at this point is the psychosexual theory to be employed? How his form of childhood transitioning could be applied in any way to the psychosexual stages? The fact remains that due to its limitations of experimentation it cannot be applied to everybody but instead used as a tool to improve understand a clients presenting issues. Issues such as OCD, over eating, anorexia, IBS, anxiety, phobias, grief, habits and addictions can all be linked to the past events or experiences of a clients life. It may not necessarily be linked through the psychosexual theory but the link may very well be in the past holding a strong relevance in some form to a past experience.For this reason alone the psychosexual theory can be used as an avenue to understand the client and the relationship between their presenting issue and their past. Here is where the psychodynamics of the clients frame work are construe and understood and possibly confronted and dealt with in order for the client and healer to progress with some resolution. Criticisms of Freud The main areas of criticisms on the psychosexual theory and many other Freudian theories are that it has not been tested.All of Freuds theories were based on his ideologies and internal beliefs, so it has no scientific creditability. No prognostic worth as to place the Oedipus and Electra complex on an individual that had an absent parent or was raised with same sex parents or in another less conventional family setting, how is their future behaviour to be determined. Freud based his analysis on the patients he had access to, th is was not a wide variety of individuals and many of them were middleclass wives suffering from hysteria. This is just a a couple of(prenominal) of the many controversial views on Freudian theory.However along with these criticisms Freud claimed much recognition for his contributions to psychology. Before Freud there was no understanding of the mind and how it could possibly work, Freud opened the understanding to undertake that the human mind can operate on different levels. Freud gave birth to the importance of child psychological development and that children do have sexual feelings. Freud set the motion for the direction of psychology and the many areas of which can be explored, without Freuds theories there was no basis for psychology and its possibilities.Freud gave direction and a showtime point for many practitioners to base their understandings. Presenting issues and the psychosexual development theory The psychosexual development theory can prove useful in understanding a clients presenting issue, but only as a tool to base an understanding. This theory gives a platform to further develop the client and therapist relationship, it holds not scientific value and is far too controversial to rely upon as a workable useable theory for practice. But it does allow for understanding and gives light to uncovering an issue using psychodynamic therapy.

International Law Case Brief Essay

Facts George Christian Hanna (23 years old) is a stateless person trying to find a country for refuge. In 1954 the United Nations addressed the problem of stateless persons to solve the problem when one seeks refuge within a country however, Canada is non a signatory. Spending most of his life as a ship-bound passenger, Hanna does non have a homeland. Hanna applied for refuge from The Gudveig a nary(prenominal)wegian motor-ship in which he was treated as a stowaway and imprisoned for more than 16 months. During these 16 months aboard the ship, Hanna made at least three trips to Canada. Hanna entrap himself in Canada looking for immigration status after being released by the act of habeus corpus. in-migration was not given and an order of out-migration was handed down. The order was appealed on the basis that the order is defective, incomplete, and impossible to interpretation or enforcement and beyond the authority of the immigration officer.Issue Is the conveyance order made by the immigration officer (acting as a special inquiry officer) legal and made within the government agency of his power?Decision The deportation order would force Hanna to be imprisoned aboard The Gudveig for an indeterminate amount of time. The circumstances that this deportation order created are not acceptable and the order was found to be illegal and Hanna was to be released from detention.Reasoning The deportation order included four directives. Directive No. 2 thru No. 4 was discredited by the court and No. 1 was the only directive considered and it went as follows that Hanna be deported to the place whence he came to Canada. The court found that this meant many different things and that it was not possible to find where Hanna came from before he stepped into Canada. The fact remains that Hanna is a stateless person and there is no joint agreement on where he is actually from. The court was notsatisfied with the affidavit of the immigration officer which fixed his birthpl ace as Djibouti in French Somaliland.Also the court was not satisfied with the Norwegian lawyers claims that he is an Egyptian who was born in Alexandria. Other interpretations such as the port in which this journey began in Eritrea and the port which Hanna came to Canada from in Beirut, Lebanon did not satisfy the court because even is the Lebanese authorities agreed Hanna stowed away from their port, they country is quite contrary to him. The court noted that it had referenced other authorities cited by counsel where deportation orders were made without all the facts being present.None of those orders though were comparable to the Hanna case, because this deportation order was not to deport to a country but back into detention aboard a ship. The immigration officer delegated to the owners of The Gudveig the responsibility for interpreting the deportation order, which brings the court to believe that he himself (immigration officer) does not know what the order means. This fact al one is enough for the court to reason that the order is illegal. The judgment was found in the favour of Hanna because the deportation order was impossible to interpret and enforce.

Normalization Employeers Productivity Essay

There are several reasons why employers should be sleepless not to overwork their employers. At the top of that list is securing long term sustainability. Long term sustainability involves mapping out feasible productiveness plans that balance work force output and employee maintenance costs. This means that employers must factor in several other variables aside from net profitability when determining the ideal number of hours that their employees should work.Where having fraternity policies that encourage overtime and consequentially overwork does tend to boost individual employee productivity in the short term, Gunner (2000) showed that the increase was only part of a reverse parabolic trend, where a typical employee would work excessively reaching a productivity peak and then burn out and lose productivity within the next few months. This means that the overall productivity of a particular employee would ultimately be the same or even lower than if the smart set did not encoura ge overworking.This is also undesirable because companies also do not generally prefer a very high employee turnover which cripples production tenaciousness and creates a negative image of the company as a temporary stepping stone to greener pastures. The despotic method of overworking employees to get the maximum profitability is not feasible in current corporate climate where it is equally difficult to find good employers as it is to find good employees.Companies should be interested in keeping good employees and this means keeping these employees satisfied with their work and their work atmosphere. Overworking is one of the major causes of stress which in turn is one of the primary feather causes of employment dissatisfaction (Edwards, 2003).In conclusion, companies should maintain the balance between employee productivity and satisfaction by keeping them from getting overworked. This benefits the company with normalized productivity, prevents workforce burnout, and improves em ployer profile.ReferencesEdwards, A. (2003). Stress Causes, Symptoms, Complications. Kennedy & Kennedy.Gunner, J. (2000). Employee Productivity Trends in Southern States Based Corporations. Harvard Press.

Benchmarking in Islamic Finance: Issues and Challenges Essay

In Islam, fixing the price of commodities is not allowed as the increase of the price is ca apply by practice of supply and hold in the market. Hence in this scale, benchmarking for the products is not allowed. It is can be reflected from of the Hadith of illusionist Muhammad S. A. W. Nar valuated by Anas Ibn Malik, The people said Apostle of Allah, prices has shot up, so fix prices for us. Thereupon the Apostle of Allah (PBUH) said Verily, Allah S. W. T. determines the climate of economic affluence and gloom.I do not want to take any(prenominal) action to fix the prices because I do not want, later in hereafter, any among you to demand for the return of your situation and blood from me because of my tyranny (in fixing the prices). In the above hadith, the practice of fixing price is clearly condemned by Prophet Muhammad S. A. W. The Prophet S. A. W decl atomic number 18d the act of fixing price as injustice towards the seller if the price is fluctuated due to the normal mark et forces. But the second drill of taught disagree with not fixing the price.They argued that the fluctuation in the price of commodities at the time of Prophet Muhammad S.A. W was due the normal market forces i. e. supply and demand of the commodity in the market. But nowadays the prices fluctuate more due to sellers speculation rather than supply and demand of the product. In this case the price of the commodities should be fixed by the authorities. Hence benchmarking in this case is allowable by the Scholars. In financial industry, several different methods of pricing backup loans have appeared over the years including cost-plus loan pricing, price leadership loan pricing, below-prime loan pricing, and costumer profitability analysis.Many business loans today are priced directly of money market interest treads, with narrow profit margins reflecting intense competition for the best business customers. Some of the profit/interest evaluates used in the market is as follows (1) O vernight Policy stray (OPR) (2) London Interbank Offered stray (LIBOR) (3) Kuala Lumpur Interbank Offered Rate (KLIBOR) (4) Cost of fund (COF) and (5) Base Financing/L lasting Rate (BFR/BLR). Issues Moslem Finance has been established to save Muslim world from the effects of Riba. But the problem that has been seen is the benchmarking transcription ofConventional Banking practiced by Islamic Banks. Islamic Finance that has been mentioned by some authors as Ethical Finance which is the system of justice for the community and free from Riba, gharar and Mysir cannot practice the unoriginal benchmarking for its products. It has also been known that Islamic Finance deals in assets backed financing rather than debt found financing. Hence a proper Islamic based benchmarking system needs to be demonstrable and implemented to overcome the issue of using conventional benchmarking for Islamic banking products. tally to Sheikh Taqi Usmani, Islamic banks and financial institutions should get rid of such practice as soon as possible. He argued that using interest rate as a benchmark for halal products is not desirable and it does not reflect the prefatorial philosophy of Islamic economy and wherefore making no impact on the system of distribution. It is also been said that the current benchmarking system does not call for IFIs products haram. According to Taqi Usmani, If all the pillars of sale is valid from Shariah point of view, just mere use of interest rate as a benchmark cannot reverse whole sale.According to Sheikh Yusuf DeLorenzo (2009) A benchmark is no more than a number, and therefore non-objectionable from a Shariah perspective. If it is used to determine the rate of repayment on a loan, then it is the interest bearing loan that will be haram. LIBOR as a mere benchmark has nothing to do with actual transaction or more specifically with the creation of revenue or return. Alternative Models for Islamic Benchmarking There are different models world sugg est by the scholars such as Rate of Profit Mechanism Model proposed by Abd al Hamed al-Ghazalie According to him, this can be achieved by analyzing the rate of profits in the money market.He proposes that it is a more rational way that promotes justice for all and fits the nature of economics. According to Sheikh Muhammad Taqi Usmani, the purpose can be achieved by creating a common pool which invests in asset-backed instruments like musharakah, ijarah, etc. If the majority of the assets pool is in tangible form, like leased property or equipment and shares in business concerns etc, its units can be sold and purchased on the basis of their net asset value determined on periodical basis. These units ay be negotiable and may be used for overnight financing as well. Banks having surplus liquidity can purchase these units and when they need liquidity, they can sell them. This system may create inter-bank market and the value of the units may serve as an indicator for determining the p rofit in murabahah and leasing also. Another model is presented by Dr. Aznan Hassan. According to him there should be different OPR for Islamic Banks that should be developed by Bank Negara Malaysia. But it can create the problem of hedging.If the conventional market rate is more favourable people will go for it and if the market rate of Islamic market is better people will opt for it. In the end the conventional market will be on safe side as the Islamic market is very small and the rate will consort to be higher as differentiate to conventional market. There are few others model that were suggested by the scholars such as Tobins Q Theory and Rate of Dividend of Islamic Bank Deposits and Investment Accounts Model etc that also gives the alternative ways of Islamic benchmarking.These models sounds good in theory but the problems can only be realized if such systems are implemented. Discussion/Conclusion Some scholars argued that the conventional benchmarking is still allowed and it does not make the transaction haram. But IFIs still benchmark their products based on conventional loans. Profit rates are then decided on the bases of this benchmarking. Hence it is considered as back door to riba. Copying non Muslims is prohibited by the Prophet Muhammad S. A. W. It can be reflected for the Hadith, Narrated by al-Bukhaari (1865) from Ibn Abbaas, who said ?The Prophet (saws) came to Madinah and saw the Jews fasting on the day of Ashoora. He said, What is this? They said, This is a good day, this is the day when Allah deliver the Children of Israel from their enemy and Moosa fasted on this day. He (the Prophet Muhammad) said, We are closer to Moosa than you. Hence the Prophet S. A. W fasted on this day and told the people to fast. This is the Sunnah that is proven from the prophet S. A. W, as he said, If I am still alive next year, I will certainly fast the ninth (Narrated by Muslim, 1134). So to nock from jews, Prophet S. A. W recommended fasting on both 9t h and 10th of Muharram. Similarly, riba is the practice of non Muslims hence it should not be benchmarked. Every Islamic Financial transaction should be different than what is nowadays practiced in the market. Although different models have been proposed by the scholars but the problem lies in implementing it. Such practices are going on from the retentive time but there is no one to step forward for implementing such system.It is because such system cannot work under capitalistic economic system as dual benchmarking will give rise to hedging and IFIs will suffer from it. Secondly, Islamic economy is based on real economy hence the risk is higher which will lead to higher Islamic benchmark rate as compare to conventional counterparts. Hence borrowers will prefer conventional system for loaning as compare to IFIs because interest rate charged by the conventional financial institutes will be less as compare to IFIs.Islamic benchmarking system can be failed under current economic syst em because the current economic system principles are different than Islamic economics principles. There could be no other solution but to shift from current economic system to Islamic economic system. It can only be possible if the entire Muslim countries unite and work on serious course for implementing Islamic economic system in Muslim community. After capital punishment of Islamic economic system, Islamic benchmarking will be possible and could be used by both conventional and Islamic financial institutes.

Civil War in Sierra Leone

I. IntroductionBetween 1991 and 2002, sierra Leone was heavily damaged by a tremendously violent civil warf be. This civil war erupted beca character of the climbing dissatisfaction of the people, especially the ytabooh that were engrossed by the rebellious Revolutionary United Front (RUF), towards the politics of the country that was set apart by its corruption, negligence and electoral violence. It took the lives of over 50,000 individuals, displaced over two million inhabitants and too heavily ruined their national economy.According to Paul Collier and Marguerite Duponchel (2010), sierra Leone was at the lowest take aim of the United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) after the civil war came to an end. The aim of this publisher is to draw at gotion on how this civil war was carried out, the efforts made to resolve the conflict as well as the effects the war brought on its economy and civilians.Therefore, section one of this paper will examine how the resources of sierra Leone contributed to the civil war. Section two will demonstrate the demographics of the parties refer in the war. Section three will focus on the repercussions that the civil war brought on Sierra Leone and the final section will show the efforts made to bring peace into Sierra Leone.II. Section one How get under ones skin Sierra Leones natural resources contributed to the war?Lets begin with a background history of the political situations that mainly caused the civil war in Sierra Leone. In the years after the death of Sierra Leones first Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai in 1964, the politics of the country was progressively high-and-mighty by several negative factors, such as corruption and mismanagement, that led to the weakening of the civil society resulting in the frustration of a large fare of the youth who engrossed themselves in the unruly message of the RUF. This was because of leaders, such as Albert Mergai, who used Sierra Leone for the ir own selfish interests rather than in the peoples interest.Mergai, unlike his brother Milton Margai, used the country for his own personal gain by in time using themilitary to curb multi-party elections which threatened to end his rule. When Siaka St veritable(a)s succeeded, in that respect was continued destruction of state institutions.His rule was characterized by corruption and pet projects financed by the treasury, which eventually became bankrupt, only benefiting those closest to him. After turning Sierra Leone into a one-party state, Stevens finally stepped down in 1985. Major General Joseph Momoh received the position of Prime Minister and followed in the footsteps of Stevens by welcoming corruption resulting in complete economic disintegration.The fact that the leaders used the abundant resources of Sierra Leone for their own self-aggrandizement made the country one of the poorest countries in the world by the time the civil war took place in 1991. (Gberie, 1998)The Sie rra Leone war began on March 23rd, 1991, when the student-led RUF began its revolt against the Serra Leone establishment activity, which commenced in Liberia and spread to the border regions of Kailahun and Pijehun. Several members of this incitive sort out were jobless dissatisfied young men who were motivated by Charles Taylors rebel National Patriotic Front invasion in Liberia.With the saddle horse of Lybia and Charles Taylor, RUFs goal was to remove from power the government of the All Peoples Congress (APC) that was run by the presidencies of Siaka Stevens and Joseph Momoh which prolonged corruption, among other things. (Humphreys and Weinstein, 2008)Several researches indicate that the nominal head of alluvial baseball fields, found in regions such as Kono and Kenema, ushered in a civil war in some routes. Firstly, during the presidency of Stevens, the highly uneven benefits of the diamond mining frustrated everyday Sierra Leoneans.Profits from the National Diamond Mi ning Corporation (DIMCO) only enriched Stevens, government members, and influential business people that were close with Stevens. Subsequently, the government lost direct control of the diamond mining areas when DeBeers, one of the worlds leading diamond companies, ceased doing business with the Sierra Leonean government in 1984.As a result, there was illegal smuggling and trading of Sierra Leones diamonds with the proceeds going into the private investors pockets. Although the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) seized power in 1992, with the goal of diminishing corruption and restoring the revenues of the diamondsback to the state, the RUF acquired control of these abundant alluvial diamond areas to finance the purchase of weapons and ammunition obtained from countries like Liberia and Guinea. The simple availability of these diamonds was an inducing for violence. (Harsch, 2007) Although diamonds were a noteworthy commodity, other ways to fund the Sierra Leone Civil war we re also present.A mixture of iron, bauxite, coffee and cocoa were in abundance in the country. There was gold mining in some areas of Sierra Leone as well as cash crop farming which were even more prevalent through forced labor. Along with the high demand of diamonds, several of these minerals financed the fighting in Sierra Leone with exports revenues as high as USD 25 million and USD cxxv million a year.Sierra Leoneans who joined the rebel group RUF also ransacked cars, livestock and money which servicinged them in gaining more energy and force. (Lujala, 2005)III. Section two The demographics of the parties involved in the warWhen the RUF was first founded by Foday Sankoh, it was popular among several Sierra Leoneans because of the resentment they felt towards the corrupt Freetown elites.It had a slogan that read No much Slaves, No more Masters. Power and Wealth to the People that pledged free education, health care and a fair sharing of the diamond proceeds to the people. It did not claim to fight for a particular ethnic group or district and did not support any Marxist, Socialist or Communist way of thinking. Its only goal was to remove the corrupt government from power although they provided little insight on what kind of government would follow it. (Denov, 2010) However, as time passed, the RUF create a reputation for macrocosm a massively brutal rebel group during its ten year war.Although there is no precise data to stray the number of children that were involved in the war, it has been found that the RUF were the first to recruit children as soldiers. According to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), over 10,000 children of both(prenominal) switch ones were involved in the fighting in one way or other(prenominal). They were kidnapped in their villages and towns during attacks executed by the RUF.With their allies, the African Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), girls and boys were organized in eliminate units su ch as the Small Boys Units (SBUs) and Small Girls Unit (SGUs) which were commanded by several officers. The difference between how girls and boys were used is that, in addition to being used as fighters, girls were also sex slaves. Youngergirls were primarily used for domestic labor, since they could not properly fight yet, and then became sex slaves as they grew older.The viciousness of the war had frozen their senses, which were also damaged by drug abuse. In order to stay alive, they had to frequently become merciless. Most of these children had to either amputate or kill their loved ones to show that they were loyal. (Denov, 2010)An additional feature of the mobilization of children against their will was the re-enlistment of children after the demilitariseament process took place in 1998. Several children were re-enlisted back into the arm groups. This especially concerned children who did not carry families to go back to even before the war started. Children who were let go from centers like the Interim Care Centre, which was a center created to help displaced children, had no other place to go after demobilization.They eventually got captured by the rebels and were forced to tell them if they had any brothers or sisters that ran away. (Jow, 2004) The Sierra Leone government also followed in enlisting children under Momohs rule. Momohs government encouraged chiefs and district leaders to arrange civilians into local unofficial groups to add soldiers into the Sierra Leone Army (SLA).When Momoh fled to Guinea, the NPRC government of Valentine Strasser was mainly responsible for the highest recruitment of children into the army to boost the amount of soldiers they previously had. There was an illicit enlistment of children while the income and benefits of the deceased soldiers was stolen by senior officers for whom this war had become a money-making business. (Jow, 2004)When the war was over, many children did not return to their existing families. This was mainly because some of them were abducted so young that they did not even have any recollection of their families. Some were so xenophobic of being rejected by their families like others have been that they refused to go back home.Girls were especially afraid of rejection for being sex slaves to the rebels especially if they had babies from them. Rather than face shame, a number of these people ended up on the streets with significant health problems since most of them were habituate to the drugs that were initially forcibly administered by the rebels during the civil war. (Kamara, 2004)IV. Section three Efforts made to period of time the civil warIn March 1995, a few years after the war started, a military group known asExecutive Outcomes (EO) entered Sierra Leone. Its mission was to return the diamonds and mineral mines back to the government, obliterate the command centers of the RUF and to organize a program that would persuade ordinary Sierra Leoneans to encourage the Si erra Leone government. EO was a military group that hired Angolans and Namibians that were considerably skillful in operating foreclose attacks against the RUF.EO joined forced with the Kamajors, another paramilitary group that surfaced against RUF, and the SLA to force the RUF rebels out of the diamonds centers they firmly controlled for several years. After EO took over RUFs centers of operation near a town called Bo, the RUF had to own up to their losses and sign the Abidjan Peace Accord. This accord, however, demanded that the EO leave the country. EO was told to leave by the Sierra Leone government even before the arrival of another peacekeeping force. (Bellows and Miguel, 2005)The AFRC, supported by members of the RUF, took power after Executive Outcomes left the country causing electric chair Kabbah to flee to Guinea in exile. The AFRC partnered with the RUF rebels naming Foday Sankoh the lieutenant Chairman of the AFRC. The Operation Pay Yourself introduced a whole new lev el of violence against the innocent inhabitants who had their limbs chopped off.As a result, many were against the AFRC because their actions violated the civil rights of the people. The AFRC takeover of the presiding government was also condemned by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Diplomats were sent back to their countries, missions were cancelled, and the countrys membership in the Commonwealth was put on hold. (Olonisakin, 2008)In October 2007, the involvement of the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) brought the AFRC and RUF insurgents to the negotiating table. The rebels agreed to a ceasefire by signing the Conakry Peace Plan. The fighting, however, still continued. Although ECOMOG forces were able to restore the Kabbah government, they had poor training in counter-insurgency attacks from the RUF.Therefore, the rebels went to Freetown to loot neighborhoods and rape citizens without discrimination. This battering of citizens is known as Operation No Living Thing. Thisled the Kabbah government consider making considerable compromises in the Lome Peace balance. (Wright et al., 2010)The conditions of the Lome Peace Accord, write on July 7th, 1999, were that Sakoh would be allowed to go unpunished. He would also be appointed as Vice-president of the trusttee that supervised the diamond mines of the country. In return, the RUF agreed to demobilize and disarm its rebels under the custody of peace keeping forces led by ECOMOG and the United Nations.This agreement led to many Sierra Leonean protests along with other human rights activistic because of the fact that Sankoh, the leader of the RUF responsible for unspeakable atrocities, got away scot-free and was also given control over Sierra Leones diamond mines.However, this accord was very pivotal for the government to regain peace through a process known as Disarmament, Demobilization an d Reintegration (DDR). During this disarmament, demobilization and reintegration process, ex-soldiers were trained to use their skills for a peaceful path of work for six weeks. (Williams and Alfred, 1999)The United Nations Mission to Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) also joined to disarm and implement the conditions that were set up by the Lome Peace Agreement and brought along military personnel, who increased over time, to supervise the diamond mines and the RUF who were still undermining their authority.By March 2001, the number of soldiers present through the UN was up to 17,500. In May 2000, RUF detained UNAMSIL peacekeepers to use their weapons and gain control of Freetown once again which made UNAMSIL avoid getting involved in diamond mining areas controlled by the rebels.This re-armament of the RUF by UNAMSIL called for another military involvement that was made to rescue the peacekeepers and the Sierra Leone government known as Operation Palliser. This operation, which consisted of British Royal Marines, helped in stabilizing the country. These marines evacuated foreign citizens out of the country and saved UNAMSIL from collapsing. The rebel forces were repelled from regions further than Freetown, under the command of General David Richards, and power was given back to the government. (Anon, 2000)As awareness spread about the diamonds of Sierra Leone, the Kimberly touch onmet to assemble in Kimberly, South Africa. The United Nation took notice of the diamonds, also known as conflict diamonds, and its implications. The United States government followed, under the command of President Bill Clinton, by devising a plan to keep the conflict diamonds out of the market legally.With 49 members representing 75 countries, the Kimberly Process has made diamond industries stop exportations to Liberia, Canada and other leaders in the business. Although there are no diamond-fueled wars any longer, the Kimberly Process is still playing an important role by maintaining stab ility.It helps in develop improved trading centers that are licensed as conflict-free and provides ways to promote legal legislative structures that lead to peace treaties helping those in poverty. (Anon, 1998) V. Section intravenous feeding The aftermath of the civil war on the economy and the Sierra Leonean peopleThe civil war has had devastating effects on the socio-economic order of Sierra Leone. Agriculture was greatly damaged causing high inflation of goods and unemployment. Sierra Leones infrastructure was also heavily destroyed. Roads were ruined and the power supply system depreciated delinquent to lack of maintenance. The public health division was also in a terrible condition because of the looting of the hospitals and clinics during the war.The civil war caused a lot of health professionals to leave the country out of fear instigating an acute shortage of qualified staff members present in hospitals. As living standards fell to the ground, hitting the poorest even har der, many citizens moved from rural areas to the cities and towns hoping for better living conditions. However, access to health services depended on how much one could pay. Others were forced to seek refugee status in other countries while they lived in deplorable conditions moving from one area to another. (Kargbo, 2002)As years went by, several Non Governmental Agencies and the Sierra Leonean government have tracked Sierra Leones recovery. The country is recovering well from it civil war scars with the help of the international community and its partners. According to the data collected by the government of Sierra Leone Institutional Reform and Capacity Building (IRCBP) in 2004 and 2005, districts that experienced greater violence have had slightly betterresults.To some extent, they seemed to be more politically organized then other areas that were less affected by the violence of the civil war. Voter registration was notably higher in these areas. Community meetings were also co nsiderably elevated statistically. When an IRCBP survey asked people how the war affected their ability to work together, 60% of people declared that it had a positive impact to their society. Theoretically, these changes could have improved the public of Sierra Leone. (Mutwol, 2009)Peace remained in the country with the help of the United Nations peace missions. Four years after the war was over, in 2006, the last group of the 17,500 soldiers flew out of Freetown and left the newly trained police in charge. Nowadays, the country is advertised as a tourist attraction with the help of British travel companies. They want sophisticated and adventurous travelers, who usually visit other more established tourist destinations, to come to Sierra Leone and have cocktails by their ravishing beaches.One example is Lakka beach, which was a luxury destination before the war. It is trying to attract tourists by running several restaurants and organizing fishing excursions for Europeans tourists . Sierra Leones goal is to be recognized for its chocolate coconut bars rather than by the awful civil war that occurred. (Desai, 2010)Although there has been considerable progress over the last ten years, there are still plenty of challenges that Sierra Leone must face. Most of the former child soldiers have returned to their former lives without any education or jobs. Children are still found working in the diamond mines. Work still remains in providing jobs for the massively unemployed youths, shelter for the orphans and rehabilitation for children who were forced to commit a number of crimes along with women of all ages who were also abused in many different ways.Since these women have been ostracized by members of their own community for being sex slaves, there is a need for more counseling and support services to help them get back to their communities. The predicaments of these people can also be rock-bottom by increasing the amount of educational and professional training. This country also faces great challenges in restructuring its judicial institutions to fairly bring perpetrators of the war to justice. (Collier and Duponchel, 2010) VI.ConclusionThere are many misconceptions as to why the civil war in Sierra Leone occurred. What needs to be understood about the civil war is that it was not based on economic benefits acquired by the alluvial diamond mines. Although these diamonds have significantly contributed to the war, there was more than twenty years of poor governance, poverty, corruption and oppression that helped in forming the RUF as frustrations against the government increased over the years. This civil war has crippled many people for life, in one way or another.Sierra Leone is still sustaining itself through the help of donors although it is very rich in natural resources. Much work needs to be done to further improve the lives of the people in Sierra Leone who are still living in poverty. It is yet to been seen if peace will remain in t he country with the amount of unemployed young people wandering in the streets. Any threat to the stability of the country should be dealt with peacefully as soon as possible.

Martin Luther King Letter from Jail Essay

Martin Luther king believes that the only way to wipe away the hurts experienced within Birmingham City was through holding peaceful negotiations in order to resolve the issues amicably.In the article, Ways of Meeting Oppression by Martin Luther King Jr, tries to bring out Injustices and Oppression, which have been prevalent issues within our society. He believed that macabre Americans could win play off rights by peaceful means such as peaceful boycotts and marches. He always reminded Americans that their dry lands principles were justice, freedom and comparison.Luther Kings argument for non-violent protest against the greater good of human beings may be the disobedience by the authorities, moreover as Erich Fronmon states in his essay Disobedience is a psychological and example Problem, that any act of disobedience against any inhuman law state is morally shed light on and is for the betterment of the human kind.In his speech I have a dream, He says that his nation will ri se up to the true meaning of its creedthat all men treated equally. He believed that his children will live to the expectation of his dreams and that equality, both the dust coat people and the black people would exercise fair-mindedness and justice.In Martin Luther King message Struggle for Equality in 1963 , he sh ard his dream of equality with the white Americans , like many other black American he was not treated powerful they were forced to use separate al black schools, restaurants and stores. They had different entrances for the black people and certain split of the nation denied the right to vote.Thus, the placing of laws was for the arising conditions, People needed awareness of such needs. Peaceful negotiations and boycotts held by Martin Luther and his staff paved way for the rapidly gained equality in their rights.In the letter to Birmingham jail, racial and education sequestration are undermining goals to the hate inflicted upon the African American community. In the speech at the Great March on Detroit in 23 June 1963, held in Washington, King expound upon making the American Dream a reality. future(a) the letter from Birmingham jail he said that, the Negro is no longer willing to accept racial segregation in any of its dimensions. He considered segregation as wrong because it was a system of adultery, perpetuated by illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality.Educational segregation was one of the key issues that affected not only societal segregation in general but also the lives of the lives of the many black Americans. just about black schools were nt funded well and as result, there was poor education among the students. This finally translated into the black people acquiring the worst jobs hence unable to afford the decent housing acquired by the white Americans. He continued struggling against segregation and with his aim, he went to Alabama and Birmingham city to watch the injustice ripe there.In order to conclude the man y civil rights protest boycotts and demonstrations, there was reinforcement on segregation issues to those aware of it. Eventually it leads to the abolishment of segregation as law and through time changing racialist attitudes altogether (Mendoza).In conclusion, the unjust law not only has inflicted pain and anguish among the black Americans but also but compelled them to total misery. Racial discrimination, hatred and education segregation are spring folds of the injustice practiced.

Homeschooling should replace normal schooling

Homeschooling should switch common schooling for the betterment of schoolchilds in Hong Kong. Homeschooling refers to the education of children at home, typic all(prenominal)y by parents or tutors, unlike the formal settings of schools. In umpteen countries around the world, children are not legally stimulate to attend school. In England, France, Canada, the United States and Australia, it is perfectly legal for parents to educate their kids at home. Homeschooling is becoming more common every mean solar day, with a growth rate of 7 to 15 percent per year over the world. in that respect are about two million children currently earning at home in the world.Homeschooled kids do thoroughly on modularized tests, are welcome at college and universities, and as adults, yield a reputation for beingness self- directed learners and reliable employees. This essay is going to examine whether homeschooling should replace normal schooling for the betterment of students in Hong Kong. H omeschooling makes children miss the golden opportunity to practice their social skills. School is the miniature of society. One inescapably to ease up not only knowledge of the world, but also interpersonal communication skills in order to survive, not to mention excel in a society.If a child is taught at home solely by his/ her parents, the child misses the chance to meet and interact with other kids. Peer learning has vital benefits as well. By communicating with friends, students muckle improve their interpersonal skills. Homeschooled children buttocksnot take part in extra-curricular activities like debate, choir and aggroup sports. As interactive learning is such an important component in modern education, homeschooling deprives children of their chance to buzz off their social skills and network, and even friends. Furthermore, home is not the roughly suitable environment for learning which lower he effectiveness of learning.Home cannot come through many an(prenominal ) different hardware which can only be provided by day schools. For instance, the different kinds of experiments must be conducted in a safety equipped and qualified laboratory . The many apparatus like Bunsen Burner, funnel and beaker can only be found in a laboratory. Home can never provide such hardware to support the diverse learning needs of children . The equipment of language labs, music room and library only appear in a school setting. Besides, on that point are too many temptations at home, such as television nd computer games, which would foresee children from concentrating on learning.Homeschooling undermines the development of creative thinking. Parents-to- children teaching is atter all the indoctrination ot parents thinking and values system to their children. In Hong Kong, most parents are very concerned about their children and hope them have a bright future. Therefore, they whitethorn pronounce to give what they think is the best to the children. It is common th at parents force their children to have piano lesson, choir practice, drawing path and so on in Hong Kong. Parents tend to orcefully spoon feed what they want their children to know.In many cases, children cannot develop manifold thinking perspectives. They Just do what their parents ask them to do. Their creativity and critical thinking, which are highly-valued in todays competitive world, can hardly be formed. On the other hand, it is not suitable to implement home-schooling in Hong Kong. Most parents have full time hypothecate. They do not have time to teach their children. Moreover, parents are not maestro in teaching when compared to trained teachers. They may not know how to teach their children effectively. Also, it is impossible for parents to know all knowledge of different subjects.In school, teachers are specialize in few subjects and they can concentrate on those subjects to complot teaching materials. According to Bill and Ana Moody, who homeschool their children, they admitted that it is hard to teach science topics properly at home. They do not have sufficient knowledge of science and science requires to do experiments. Homeschooling brings another problem how to assess the skill of students? Hong Kong is a knowledge-based society, it is important to have certificates to prove nes academic Usually, one will get a Job easily with higher education level.Different jobs have different required education levels. If homeschooling is implemented, there is no standard to assess students unless all students Join public examinations offered by authorized organization and the Education Bureau. Homeschooling does not provide a standard to assess whether students has understand the knowledge fully. As every parents and tutors may have fig a different course of study for students, there is no standard of what basic knowledge that students should learn. any(prenominal) people argued that a unified education system simply cannot leave for the individua l needs of each and every student and, therefore, homeschooling is a better way for children to learn as it is more flexible which can cater individuals needs. It can provide a tailor-made learning schedule which can cater learning speed of the children and particularized requirements by those who best understand them their parents. It may allow students a more flexible combination of subjects which cater for individual needs. This would arouse interest in study, giving students the initiative to learn.However, small class teaching , which is sort of popular in Hong Kong, can also cater the needs of different children. Due to the decreasing tolerate rate, schools started to implement small-class teaching and has smaller teacher-to student ratio. This allows teachers to pay more attention to each student in class. Flexible combination of subjects can also be achieved by new curriculum. In the past, usually students were separate into art, science and commerce classes and they wer e only allowed to choose subjects which are related to each other. Now, students under the new curriculum are allowed to choose subjects freely.For example, student can choose to study Biology, a science subject, and grapny, an art subject. Some also claimed that homeschooling can enhance close family relationship. However, this may not be true. Conflicts and arguments are easily happened when parents stick with their children all the time. Parents may easily lose temper when their children are not listening to them or cannot take note their teaching schedule as they are more emotionally affected when facing their own children. Moreover, children may easily lose concentration on learning as there are too many temptations at home as mentioned before.If parents punished their children for this, the parent- child relationship would suffer. All in all, homeschooling should not replace normal schooling for the betterment of students as there are too many weaknesses of homeschooling tho ugh admitted that normal schooling has its flaws. In the current education system, students are required to study a fixed and spacious syllabus within a short period of time. Students study under tremendous pressure and may eventually lose interest in study. However, homeschooling neglects the social development of children which is vital in modern society.

Dpe Paper

DPE and ending Instruction If enlightening were as simple as using the single best way to give instruction everything, it would be thinked a science. However, there isnt just one correct method to teach everything. That is the reason out teaching is an art. If teaching meant to follow a text book and a one size fits exclusively snuggle, then anyone would be a master instructor. That is why instructors and e additionally special educators unique and special.That is why teachers cut that individual needfully, strengths and weaknesses must be considered to make the instructional mould successful and geargond to equip the scholarly person to achieve his optimum skills and abilities to meet the challenges of daily living. Students come with their birth individual packet boats and no two of them ar alike. Even though the broadcast is the same, no two savants learn the same way. Teachers are challenged to meet the learners package and to create an approach at instruction that take into consideration the students differing abilities, strengths and needs are satisfied.To compound the challenges of instruction, the intellectually disabled (ID) student presents additional dynamics that impact the art of teaching. This paper presents the diagnostic/prescriptive/ rating (DPE) system of instruction for ID students. The DPE is not a concept. Educators have been using it for decades (Mann and Phillips, 1967). During the past 40 years it has been improve and refined (Ewing & Brecht). The paper examines each of the fixingss of DPE diagnosis, prescription, and evaluation (Thomas, 1996). In conclusion it presents two applications of implementing the DPE with two students diagnosed with ID.The diagnostic process requires great skill and effort from the teacher. Alone the special educator pottynot per spirt all the need functions of diagnosis. With the service of the other members of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) and other service personnel, they are abl e to take root the needs of individual learners and to mend instructional objectives that will help the student satisfy his educational needs (Eisele, 1967). During this phase the teacher is to determine the most demanding needs of the student. The entire diagnostic process depends upon the ccurate identification of these needs. The specialists on the MDT provide the teacher with the info, or means of acquiring the data, about the student that are necessary for determining the students needs. This takes the form of providing formal and informal testing services for testing students, supplying the data that has been acquired from the testing, and providing the testing batteries that could be utilise for this purpose (Eisele, 1967). This becomes the Present Levels of Performance (PLOP) of the Individualized Education Program (IEP).When the MDT has collected all of the signifi sack upt data and determined the demanding needs of the student, then the teacher and the specialists con vey the instructional goals and objectives appropriate for specific needs. These goals are selected from curriculum domains and the objectives can be selected from curriculum guides and resource units. Also the teacher and specialist can generate their own objectives. When talking to the teacher and specialists, I asked what type of instructional activities and materials they use for students with ID?The teacher and specialists stated that they prescribe instructional activities and materials suitable for the student to master his objectives. This constitutes the second step in the DPE process. Prescribed encyclopaedism is based on short- and long-term goals that are established for the individual student and are based on the skills needed to be mastered. Within these goals are markers to establish where there are gaps in the learning process. Instruction that follows will teach only to what the student still needs to master to be successful. It capitalizes on the strength of the s tudent to exact in the learning gaps.The prescriptive process can be applied to almost any orbit area, academic and behavioral (Deschel, Susan, 2012). Three important teaching strategies for students diagnosed with ID 1) tasks should be broken down into small component steps and learned in sequence, 2) teaching techniques should be experiential, concrete, visual and hands-on rather than cognitive, abstract and verbally delivered in lecture form, and 3) feedback should be immediate for the student to make a connection between his answer, behavior, or question and the teachers response.The third phase is the evaluation process. This is a two-pronged process for the teacher. First, evaluation is necessary to assess needs and, second, to evaluate the students progress toward achieving his objectives. Through the evaluation process teacher monitors the understanding and performance of students before teaching the lesson, while teaching, and after teaching the lesson. The evaluation pro cess can inform the teacher of the effectiveness of his lessons with individuals, small groups of students, or whole classes, depending on the instruments used (Guskey, 2003).Instruction and evaluation are interactive. The teacher may evaluate student learning on the spot, or collect data at different points in judgment of conviction and compare progress over units of instruction. Moment-by-moment assessments allow the teacher to tap into students developing understandings about the objective and to enable the teacher to correct misconceptions immediately. Observations recorded over time allow the teacher to identify patterns of development and document learning gains (Guskey, 2003). This can be accomplished in many ways.Devices appropriate for the evaluating progress are data keeping, checklists, logs, standardized tests, and paper and pencil tests. Now we consider the practical applications of DPE in a classroom. Antoine is a 12 year gray-headed, sixth grader, who is diagnosed w ith ID and is in a special education classroom. His MDT has completed their assessments and has developed his IEP. One of his goals entangles math readiness. His objective is to be able to better half manipulatives to verse expressed on cards with verbal prompting.The teacher has developed prescriptive lesson plans to enable Antoine develop the needed skills to match the manipulatives to the numbers. His first lesson is to match manipulatives to the number expressed on a picture communication symbolization (PCS). He encounters difficulty in matching the manipulatives to the number on the PCS. His teacher notes the difficulty evaluating Antoines learning skill gap. She introduces PCS with a number of manipulatives on it equal to a number on the top of the PCS. Antoine begins to assistant the manipulative with the number on the card.As he experiences success in matching the manipulatives to the number, the teacher replaces the PCS with two cards, one with the number and the other with the manipulatives. After collecting data indicating Antoines progress, the teacher removes the manipulative card. Antoine now begins to match the manipulatives to the number on the PCS. For the second example we meet stern. John is a 15 year old with a diagnosis of ID and behavioral issues. He has recently developed the habit, when he becomes frustrated, of head butting objects and individuals.His MTD has met and analyzed the locating and has developed a plan to extinguish this behavior and have John express his frustration in positive behaviors. They have listed the times when John has become frustrated, the antecedent(s), and indicators that precede his head butting. The prescriptive element is to develop initially plans for John to identify his feeling of frustration and to express his emotion to the teacher. As the staff observes John during class times, they begin to note those antecedents that indicate John is becoming frustrated. They plan interventions with John to a lleviate his get to up of frustration.There is the constant interplay of the diagnostic, prescriptive and evaluation processes until John is able to identify the cause of his frustration and sac it with positive behaviors. There are many specific techniques that can assist in teaching students with ID. They can be summarized into three, more, general strategies. First is to allow more time and practice for the students to successfully master the objective. instant is to embed the activities into daily living or functioning as much as possible. Third is to include the student both in the social and academic activities.Diagnostic/prescriptive/evaluation strategies have been employed in the classroom as an educational strategy to remedy learning deficits (Ewing & Brecht, 1977). After speaking with a teacher about the roles and procedures that plays in the daily class, she shared with me that the diagnostic process helps the educational team define the students abilities and deficits . The prescriptive process provides a means to plan and teach the skills and concepts a student needs most. The evaluation process measures the learning increments of any magnitude. It enables the team to redefine the diagnostic and prescriptive as needed.The DPE strategy emphasizes and identifies a prioritized life goal curriculum planning approach to identify functional skills and concepts need by a student with ID to become as successful as possible in adult life. The DPE approach assesses each students abilities and progress toward those individual life goals (Thomas, 1996). References Dreschel, Susan. (2012). Prescriptive Learning. http//www. ehow. com. Eisele, pack E. (1967). Diagnostic statement Can the Curriculum Specialist Help? Educational Leadership, January 1967. Washington, DC. Ewing, Norma & Brecht, Richard. (1977).Diagnostic/Prescriptive Instruction A Reconsideration of near Issues. Journal of Special Education, vol. 11. Los Angeles CA Sage Publications. Guskey, T. R. (2003). Using Data to Improve Student Achievement. Educational Leadership. Kauffman, James M. & Hung, Li-Yu. (2009). Special Education for Intellectual Disability Current Trends and Perspectives. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. Thomas, Glen E. (1996) Teaching Students with Mental Retardation A Life Goal Curriculum Planning Approach. Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

The Evolution of Developmental Psychology

The growing of Developmental Psychology Jennifer Haag Waldens University Lifespan Development September 9, 2012 Over the course of chronicle, many scholars and lookers hold discovered the evolution of phylogenesisal psychology. However, there are accredited people throughout the course of history who have made more planetary houseifi stinkpott process in shedding light on developmental psychology as it is known today. The three best known theorists that helped people understand, or at to the lowest degree consider psychology, were Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Pia energise.These three men were able to develop and test theories that formed the modern liking of psychology. Without the vital research and theories, one might never have understood the inner workings of the thought and how nurturance, nature, and other factors affect a temperament over time. Using research methods such as observation, correlational design, and several other methods, researchers are able to put together a bigger picture of developmental psychology. With research comes responsibility a responsibility to protect the rights of those who are researched.Therefore, there is an ethics policy knowing by the federal government that researchers are not supposed to violate. Psychology is an ever evolving unit and is something that bequeath always change as life goes on. Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget are some of the best known psychological researchers ever known. Freud contri excepted several theories and had many followers of his teachings. One of his theories is the psychosexual theory. This theory emphasizes how parents manage their childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years are crucial for healthy mortalality development (Berk, 2010).Even though the theory may be somewhat controversial, it is one that contributes to the evolutional development theory by suggesting that something that happens in childhood helps to form the adult. Erikson be lieved that there were significant psychological changes with each typify. His psychosocial theory emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing member of society (Berk, 0210).With this theory, a psyche develops based on inevitably and the ability to control ones self. Erikson was the believer in stages unlike Freud who believed that a single character in a childs life would have such a big squeeze on adulthood. He introduced the time line of development from birth to late adulthood showing how the person changes with maturity. Adding to both of these theories is Jean Piagets cognitive-development theory which explains that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and seek their world (Berk, 2010).This theory extends into adulthood as well. People learn new things everyday by manip ulating things round them. Therefore, if a child learns to manipulate things at a young age, they are capable of continuous encyclopedism or an ever evolving development of the mind. These three men helped shape the concept of psychology and helped researchers understand it emend today by testing their theories over and over again. Research is the basis for any theory. Without research, there would be no foundation for anything.Therefore, studies must be conducted, people must be ascertained, interviews must be done, and learning gathered. It has been known for some time that people are all different the way they think, the way they respond to different stimuli, and the way they interact with others. It is known that experiences and influences have quite a significant impact on a persons psych. However, this would not have been known without the hours of laborious research conducted through perusing people under different circumstances. One research method is observation.Observ ations can be done in many different ways. One is through correlational design. This is where researchers gather data on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants characteristics and their behavior or development (Berk, 2010). This type of observation is the most natural and non-evasive way of conducting research and one of the best ways to get pure information. Using an evasive form of research can be useful as well, however.Interviews can help researchers in a big way by getting information straight from the substance without trying to guess what the person is thinking or what the person might do when faced with a situation. There are different ways to conduct interviews such as clinical interviews where a person takes part in an open conversation or structured interviews where a person takes a questionnaire, test, or simply answers a few questions. There are many ways to conduct research but there is just one thing people must be respected and treated sensibly when doing so which leads to ethics.Thus, the federal government came up with ethics codes to protect those being studied. There are certain rights a person has when being studied or evaluated for any type of mental health research. The rights of research participants include protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments. Protection from harm is the right to be defend from physical or psychological harm. Informed consent means that all participants or guardians of participants must sign their permission for the research to continue.Privacy means that information regarding them personally, identity, cannot be shared with outside parties. Knowledge of results means that those combat-ready in the research have a right to know the outcome of that research and beneficial treatments is if observational treatments believed to be beneficial are under inv estigation participants in control groups have the right to resource beneficial treatments if they are available (Beck, 2010). Without these rights in place, people would not have any say in what was done to them or how the research was collected.People would, in essence, be nothing better than cattle told what to do in the name of research. Over all, research is necessary to help discover all the possibilities there are regarding psychological development. Researchers and theorists like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget helped shed light on the evolution of psychology and how it is ever changing. Researching and gathering information is the only way to continually develop theories and test possibilities regarding mental health.In doing this, it is imperative to remember that those who are researched and observed have rights that need to be respected meaning an ethics code must be followed. Psychology, although centuries old, is save an enigma to be discovered with cons tantly evolving aspects that researchers may never fully understand. Reference Berk, L. E. ,(2010). Development through with(predicate) the Lifespan. (5th ed. ). Pearson Education, Inc. , Allyn &Bacon, 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston MA 02116